MfE Data Service :: tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2008-10:feed:layers:mapstream=84379:category=301162:sort=rMinistry for the Environmenthttps://data.mfe.govt.nz//Drought, state, 1972 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:layers:1159772024-02-19T01:25:43.489888+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115977-drought-state-1972-2022/" title="Details for Drought, state, 1972 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115977.398299,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Drought, state, 1972 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<p>We report on drought frequency, duration, severity, and intensity at three different time scales, short-term (3 months), medium-term (6 months) and long-term (12 months). These different time scales are approximately equivalent to meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological drought, respectively. We do this for 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand monitored by NIWA (National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research) from 1972 to 2022. To measure drought events, this dataset uses the Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), which incorporates temperature and precipitation. </p>
<p>Drought frequency is the number of drought events across a specified period of time. Drought duration is the number of months in a drought event. Severity is a measure of how dry a drought event is, and intensity is a measure of drought severity scaled by its duration. Extreme dryness is indicated by SPEI values of less than -2. </p>
<p>Variables:<br>
id: Relates to drought_event, whether a drought event or non-drought event<br>
year: Year<br>
month: Month<br>
site: 30 NIWA Climate stations<br>
time_scale & drought_type: The drought the SPEI values represent given at 3, 6, and 12 months<br>
spei: SPEI is the balance of PET and P<br>
spei_class: Categorising SPEI values into what they may represent climate-wise<br>
imputed_value: Whether the value was imputed using linear interpolation<br>
drought_event: whether the sequence of SPEI values meet the threshold for a drought event<br>
duration: Duration of the drought event in months<br>
start_event: The start date of a drought event<br>
severity: Sum of the SPEI values per drough event that are below -1<br>
intensity: Sum of the SPEI values per drought event standardised against time (severity/duration)<br>
lat: Latitude<br>
lon: Longitude</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 19 Feb 2024<br />
Drought, trends, 1972 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:layers:1159762024-02-19T01:22:55.147294+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115976-drought-trends-1972-2022/" title="Details for Drought, trends, 1972 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115976.398298,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Drought, trends, 1972 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<p>To measure drought events, this dataset uses the Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), which incorporates temperature and precipitation. We report on drought frequency, duration, severity, and intensity at three different time scales, short-term (3 months), medium-term (6 months) and long-term (12 months). These different time scales are approximately equivalent to meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological drought, respectively. We report the trends for 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand monitored by NIWA (National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research) from 1972 to 2022.</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: Site the NIWA climate stations represent.<br>
time_scale: The number of months of drought<br>
drought_type: The drought the SPEI values represent given at 3, 6, and 12 months (meterological, agricultural and hydrological respectively.<br>
lat: Approx. lattitude location of NIWA climate stations to represent a site.<br>
lon: Approx. longitude location of NIWA climate stations to represent a site.<br>
trend_type: Duration is the number of months a drought event lasts.<br>
Average SPEI is the annual average SPEI value. Severity is the sum of SPEI values per drought event. Intensity is severity/duration. Peak month is the lowest SPEI value recorded per drought event. Frequency is the numbers of months between each drought event.<br>
p_value: Probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the result actually observed.<br>
z: Z statistic after correcting for autocorrelated data<br>
method: The type of trend test undertaken. Note that for methane a linear model with a quadratic term is used. For the Mann Kendall test we used a modified Mann Kendall test for autocorrelated data modifiedmk::mmkh()<br>
n: Number of data points included in trend calculation.<br>
note: Linear model analysis notes<br>
s, var_s, tau: Mann-Kendall test statistics.<br>
alternative: Alternative hypothesis<br>
trend_likelihood: Likelihood of trend direction adapted from IPCC criteria.<br>
period_start, period_end: The period the trend represents.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 19 Feb 2024<br />
Daily temperature 30 sites, state, 1909 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153762023-12-07T09:20:12.799734+00:002023-12-07T04:20:27.195637+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115376-daily-temperature-30-sites-state-1909-2022/" title="Details for Daily temperature 30 sites, state, 1909 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115376.395075,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Daily temperature 30 sites, state, 1909 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>Temperature at 30 sites around the country from at least 1972 to 2022. We provide data on average, minimum, and maximum for daily temperatures. </p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: NIWA monitoring site.<br>
date: Date (day-month-year)<br>
statistic: Statistic (Average, Max, Min).<br>
temperature: Temperature in degrees Celsius.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Growing Degree Days, trends, 1972 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153732023-12-07T04:08:45.657724+00:002023-12-07T04:06:24.412500+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115373-growing-degree-days-trends-1972-2022/" title="Details for Growing Degree Days, trends, 1972 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115373.395072,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Growing Degree Days, trends, 1972 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This dataset shows the trends of annual growing degree days (GDD) for 30 sites across New Zealand from at least 1972 to 2019. GDD are the total number of degrees Celsius above a base threshold temperature for each day. We use a base threshold of 10 degrees Celsius to report on the annual GDD for each of these sites and trends.<br>
Growing degree days (GDD) indicate the amount of warmth available for plant and insect growth and can be used to predict when flowers will bloom, and crops and insects will mature. Increased GDD means that plants and insects reach maturity faster, provided that other conditions necessary for growth are favourable, such as sufficient moisture and nutrients.</p>
<p>VARIABLES:<br>
Variables: site: NIWA monitoring site<br>
Base_temperature: The base temperature to calculate the total GDD<br>
period_start: Start of the period for which the trend was assessed<br>
period_end: End of the period for which the trend was assessed<br>
p_value: P value<br>
slope, conf_low, conf_high: Rate of change per year and their lower and upper confidence intervals<br>
conf_level: confidence level (66% or 90% to match IPCC likelihood levels)<br>
z: Z score<br>
trend_method: Whether the information in this row correspond to the Sen slope or the Mann-Kendall test<br>
n: number of observations used to calculate the trend<br>
note: analysis note<br>
s, var_s, tau: Mann-Kendall trend statistics<br>
alternative: the alternative hypothesis used for the Mann-Kendall test<br>
trend_likelihood: Likelihood categories adapted from IPCC. Indicates the likelihood that a trend is increasing, decreasing, or indeterminate<br>
lat: Latitude<br>
lon: Longitude<br>
Pretty_site_name: Pretty site name<br>
Unit: unit<br>
Region_simple: Region of NIWA monitoring site<br>
Site_simple: Pretty site name without macrons</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Annual and seasonal temperatures at 30 sites, trends, 1972-2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1154112023-12-11T21:51:26.413970+00:002023-12-11T21:49:20.193334+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115411-annual-and-seasonal-temperatures-at-30-sites-trends-1972-2022/" title="Details for Annual and seasonal temperatures at 30 sites, trends, 1972-2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115411.395293,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Annual and seasonal temperatures at 30 sites, trends, 1972-2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 11 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>Temperature at 30 sites around the country from at least 1972 to 2022. We report annual and seasonal trends for the period 1972 to 2022 as well as rate of temperature change per decade. We provide data on average, minimum, and maximum for daily, annual, and seasonal temperatures. Trends are reported for annual and seasonal statistics. Temperature change can have a significant effect on agriculture, energy demand, ecosystems, and recreation.Climate change projections for New Zealand suggest the greatest warming will be in summer/autumn and the least in winter and spring (MfE, 2018). Variables: site: NIWA monitoring site statistic: Statistic: (mean of Average, Minimum or Maximum daily temperature) season: Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter, or Annual p_value: P value slope, conf_low, conf_high: Rate of change per year and their lower and upper confidence intervals conf_level: confidence level (66% or 90% to match IPCC likelihood levels) intercept, r_squared, sigma: Linear model statistics trend_method: Whether the information in this row correspond to the Linear model slope or the Mann-Kendall test n: number of observations used to calculate the trend note: analysis note s, var_s, tau: Mann-Kendall trend statistics z: Z score alternative: the alternative hypothesis used for the Mann-Kendall test trend_likelihood: Likelihood categories adapted from IPCC. Indicates the likelihood that a trend is increasing, decreasing, or indeterminate period_start: Start of the period for which the trend was assessed period_end: End of the period for which the trend was assessed lat :Latitude lon: Longitude Ministry for the Environment. (2018). Climate Change Projections for New Zealand: Atmosphere Projections Based on Simulations from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, 2nd Edition (Publication No. ME 1385). <a href="https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate-change/climate-change-projections-new-zealand">www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate-change/climat...</a></p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 11 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 11 Dec 2023<br />
Frost days, trends,1972-2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153722023-12-07T04:00:14.161194+00:002023-12-07T03:58:35.534358+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115372-frost-days-trends1972-2022/" title="Details for Frost days, trends,1972-2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115372.395071,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Frost days, trends,1972-2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This indicator report trends in the number of frost days for 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand from 1972 to 2022. The number of frost days changes from year to year in response to variable weather patterns, and their occurrence is also influenced by climate change. Climate models project we may experience fewer cold and more warm extremes in the future. Changes in the number and timing of frost days can affect agriculture, horticulture, and viticulture, for example, by damaging and destroying crops at sensitive growth stages.</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: site the NIWA climate stations represent.<br>
period_start, period end: the period the trend represents.<br>
p_value: probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the result actually observed.<br>
slope: Sen slope statistic to describe rate of change.<br>
conf Low, conf Highl: 90% confidence intervals of the slope statistic (low and high).<br>
conf_level: specified confidence level of the estimate.<br>
z: Z score.<br>
trend_method: Statistical method.<br>
n: number of data points included in trend calculation.<br>
note: note<br>
s, var_s, tau: Mann-Kendall test statistics.<br>
alternative: the alternative hypothesis used for the Mann-Kendall test<br>
trend likelihood: likelihood of trend direction adapted from IPCC criteria.<br>
lat: approx. lattitude location of NIWA climate stations to represent a site.<br>
lon: approx. longitude location of NIWA climate stations to represent a site.<br>
region: region of the site the NIWA climate stations represent.<br>
pretty_site_name: site the NIWA climate stations represent.<br>
region_simple: region of the site the NIWA climate stations represent.<br>
site_simple: site the NIWA climate stations represent.</p>
<p>References:<br>
Hutchinson, G. K., Richards, K., & Risk, W. H. (2000). Aspects of accumulated heat patterns (growing-degree days) and pasture growth in Southland. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 62, 81–85. <a href="https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2000.62.2396">doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2000.62.2396</a></p>
<p>Macara, G., Nichol, D., Liley, B., & Noll, B. (2023). Ministry for the Environment Atmosphere and Climate Report 2023: Updated Datasets supplied by NIWA (NIWA Client Report No. 2023072WN). <a href="https://environment.govt.nz/publications/atmosphere-and-climate-indicators-2023-updated-datasets">environment.govt.nz/publications/atmosphere-and-cl...</a></p>
<p>Macara, G., & Tait, A. (2015). Infilling of missing climate data: temperature, rainfall and wind (NIWA Client Report No. WLG2015-33). <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/document/21253-macara-g-tait-a-2015-infilling-of-missing-climate-data-for-the-2015-environmental-synthesis-report-temperature-rainfall-and-wind/">data.mfe.govt.nz/document/21253-macara-g-tait-a-20...</a></p>
<p>Mastrandrea, M. D., Field, C. B., Stocker, T. F., Edenhofer, O., Ebi, K. L., Frame, D. J., Held, H., Kriegler, E., Mach, K. J., Matschoss, P. R., Plattner, G.-K., Yohe, G. W., & Zwiers, F. W. (2010). Guidance Note for Lead Authors of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report on Consistent Treatment of Uncertainties. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/uncertainty-guidance-note.pdf">www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/uncertaint...</a></p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Annual and seasonal temperatures at 30 sites, state 1972 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1154102023-12-11T21:48:10.121679+00:002023-12-11T21:45:04.237904+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115410-annual-and-seasonal-temperatures-at-30-sites-state-1972-2022/" title="Details for Annual and seasonal temperatures at 30 sites, state 1972 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115410.395292,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Annual and seasonal temperatures at 30 sites, state 1972 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 11 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This dataset reports the annual and seasonal temperatures at 30 sites around the country from at least 1972 to 2022. Data are also provided on anomalies for all 30 stations (difference from the 1991–2020 baseline period) and for 16 stations (difference from the 1961–1990 baseline period).</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: NIWA monitoring site<br>
statistic: Statistic: maximum daily temperature (max), average daily temperature (average), and minimum daily temperature (min)<br>
season: period for which the data was aggregated - annual indicates the whole year was included in the calculation<br>
year: Year<br>
prop_missing: Proportion of days with missing data<br>
temperature: Mean daily temperature for a given year, season, and statistic (°C)<br>
period_start: Start of period for a season<br>
period_end: End of period for a season<br>
lat: coordinates of the NIWA station where the data was recorded (WSG84)<br>
lon: coordinates of the NIWA station where the data was recorded (WSG84)<br>
anomaly: mean temperature anomaly for a given year, season, and statistic (°C) over the reference_period<br>
reference_period: Anomaly reference period</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 11 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 11 Dec 2023<br />
Warm days, trends, 1972 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153682023-12-07T03:08:32.594351+00:002023-12-07T03:07:03.460437+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115368-warm-days-trends-1972-2022/" title="Details for Warm days, trends, 1972 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115368.395067,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Warm days, trends, 1972 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>The trends in the number of warm days for the 30 temperature sites across New Zealand are presented from 1972 to 2022. Warm days are days with a daily maximum temperature above 25 degrees Celsius.</p>
<p>The number of warm days change from year to year in response to variable weather patterns and climate drivers. Climate models project we may experience more warm extremes in the future (IPCC, 2021). According to the WMO (2016) a decrease in cold days and nights and an increase in warm days and nights can have major implications for human health, agricultural production, and ecosystems.</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: NIWA monitoring site<br>
period_start: Start of the period for which the trend was assessed<br>
period_end: End of the period for which the trend was assessed<br>
p_value: P value<br>
slope, conf_low, conf_high: Rate of change per year and their lower and upper confidence intervals<br>
conf_level: confidence level (66% or 90% to match IPCC likelihood levels)<br>
z: Z score<br>
trend_method: Whether the information in this row correspond to the Sen slope or the Mann-Kendall test<br>
n: number of observations used to calculate the trend<br>
note: analysis note<br>
s, var_s, tau: Mann-Kendall trend statistics<br>
alternative: the alternative hypothesis used for the Mann-Kendall test<br>
trend_likelihood: Likelihood categories adapted from IPCC. Indicates the likelihood that a trend is increasing, decreasing, or indeterminate<br>
lat: Latitude<br>
lon: Longitude</p>
<p>References:</p>
<p>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, & B. Zhou, Eds.). Cambridge University Press.<br>
<a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/</a></p>
<p>World Meteorological Organization. (2016). Hotter, drier, wetter. Face the future. WMO. <a href="https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/world-meteorological-day/previous-world-meteorological-days/hotter-drier-wetter-face">public.wmo.int/en/resources/world-meteorological-d...</a></p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Warm days, state, 1972 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153672023-12-07T03:03:00.539812+00:002023-12-07T03:00:53.011998+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115367-warm-days-state-1972-2022/" title="Details for Warm days, state, 1972 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115367.395066,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Warm days, state, 1972 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This indicator provides data for the number of warm days (daily maximum temperature above 25 degrees Celsius) for the 30 sites across New Zealand from at least 1972 to 2022. </p>
<p>Global average temperatures have increased by around 1 degree Celsius in the last century, almost certainly a result of high levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases emitted from human activities. While this change may seem small, relatively small changes in our climate can have big effects on our environment (Ministry for the Environment [MfE] & Stats NZ, 2019). </p>
<p>The number of warm days change from year to year in response to variable weather patterns and climate drivers. Climate models project we may experience more warm extremes in the future (IPCC, 2021). According to the WMO (2016) a decrease in cold days and nights and an increase in warm days and nights can have major implications for human health, agricultural production, and ecosystems. </p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: NIWA monitoring site<br>
n_days: Number of days<br>
period_start: Start of the period where the number of days were counted<br>
period_end: End of the period where the number of days were counted<br>
lat: Latitude<br>
lon: Longitude<br>
site_simple: site without macrons </p>
<p>References:<br>
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, & B. Zhou, Eds.). Cambridge University Press.<br>
<a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/</a><br>
Ministry for the Environment & Stats NZ. (2019). New Zealand’s Environmental Reporting Series: Environment Aotearoa 2019 (Publication No. ME 1416). <a href="https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporting/environment-aotearoa-2019">www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporti...</a><br>
World Meteorological Organization. (2016). Hotter, drier, wetter. Face the future. WMO. <a href="https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/world-meteorological-day/previous-world-meteorological-days/hotter-drier-wetter-face">public.wmo.int/en/resources/world-meteorological-d...</a></p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Growing Degree Days, state, 1972 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153792023-12-07T21:34:53.288397+00:002023-12-07T21:21:50.632730+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115379-growing-degree-days-state-1972-2022/" title="Details for Growing Degree Days, state, 1972 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115379.395081,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Growing Degree Days, state, 1972 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This dataset measures growing degree days (GDD) at 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand from at least 1972 to 2022. We report counts of average annual growing degree days for each site from 2013 to 2022.. </p>
<p>Variables:<br>
sIte: Site the NIWA climate stations represent.<br>
year: Given year the total growing degrees are calculated for.<br>
base_temperature:The base temperature to calculate the total GDD. Threshold is in degrees Celsius .<br>
gowirng_degrees: The total number of degrees Celsius above a base threshold temperature for each year.<br>
Units:Units applicable for both growing degrees and the base temperature (degrees Celsius).<br>
Lat:Approximate latitude of site location.<br>
Lon: Approximate longitude of site location.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Frost days, state,1972-2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153712023-12-07T03:57:51.849510+00:002023-12-07T03:55:26.255910+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115371-frost-days-state1972-2022/" title="Details for Frost days, state,1972-2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115371.395070,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Frost days, state,1972-2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This indicator measures the number of frost days for 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand from at least 1972 to 2022. </p>
<p>The number of frost days changes from year to year in response to variable weather patterns, and their occurrence is also influenced by climate change. Climate models project we may experience fewer cold and more warm extremes in the future. Changes in the number and timing of frost days can affect agriculture, horticulture, and viticulture, for example, by damaging and destroying crops at sensitive growth stages.</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: Site the NIWA climate stations represent.<br>
year: Given year the number of frost days are calculated for.<br>
Frost days: Total number of frost days are year as defined when the air temperature is below zero at 1.2m off the ground.<br>
first_frost: The first day are recorded in a given year.<br>
last_frost: The last days are recorded in a given year.<br>
lat: Approximate latitude of site location.<br>
lon: Approximate longitude of site location.<br>
site_simple: Site the NIWA climate stations represent.</p>
<p>References:<br>
Hutchinson, G. K., Richards, K., & Risk, W. H. (2000). Aspects of accumulated heat patterns (growing-degree days) and pasture growth in Southland. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 62, 81–85. <a href="https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2000.62.2396">doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2000.62.2396</a></p>
<p>Macara, G., Nichol, D., Liley, B., & Noll, B. (2023). Ministry for the Environment Atmosphere and Climate Report 2023: Updated Datasets supplied by NIWA (NIWA Client Report No. 2023072WN). <a href="https://environment.govt.nz/publications/atmosphere-and-climate-indicators-2023-updated-datasets">environment.govt.nz/publications/atmosphere-and-cl...</a></p>
<p>Macara, G., & Tait, A. (2015). Infilling of missing climate data: temperature, rainfall and wind (NIWA Client Report No. WLG2015-33). <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/document/21253-macara-g-tait-a-2015-infilling-of-missing-climate-data-for-the-2015-environmental-synthesis-report-temperature-rainfall-and-wind/">data.mfe.govt.nz/document/21253-macara-g-tait-a-20...</a></p>
<p>Mastrandrea, M. D., Field, C. B., Stocker, T. F., Edenhofer, O., Ebi, K. L., Frame, D. J., Held, H., Kriegler, E., Mach, K. J., Matschoss, P. R., Plattner, G.-K., Yohe, G. W., & Zwiers, F. W. (2010). Guidance Note for Lead Authors of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report on Consistent Treatment of Uncertainties. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/uncertainty-guidance-note.pdf">www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/uncertaint...</a></p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Extreme rainfall, trends, 1960 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153102023-12-02T02:12:58.414078+00:002023-12-02T02:11:11.141704+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115310-extreme-rainfall-trends-1960-2022/" title="Details for Extreme rainfall, trends, 1960 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115310.394895,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Extreme rainfall, trends, 1960 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 02 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This dataset measures extreme rainfall at 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand from 1960 to 2022. We measure the maximum amount of rainfall in a single day (‘maximum precipitationl’), the number of very wet days (‘very wet days’), and the percentage of annual rainfall from very wet days (‘very wet day precipitation percent’). We present trends against the 1961 to 1990 climate normal period as well as the 1991 to 2020 climate normal period for very wet days and the percentage of annual rainfall from very wet days.</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: NIWA climate site<br>
reference_period: Reference period against which the number of wet days was calculated<br>
parameter: maximum precipitation (mm), very wet days, very wet day precipitation percent (%)<br>
period_start: Start of trend period<br>
period_end: End of trend period<br>
p_value: P value<br>
slope: Sen’s slope statistic of rate of change<br>
conf_low: Confidence intervals for Sen’s slope statistic<br>
conf_high: Confidence intervals for Sen’s slope statistic<br>
conf_level: Confidence level (90% or 66%) for Sen’s slope statistic<br>
z: z score<br>
trend_method: Mann-Kendall or Sen’s slope method<br>
n: Number of data points included in trend calculation<br>
note: note on data point<br>
s: Mann-Kendall test statistics<br>
var_s: Mann-Kendall test statistics<br>
tau: Mann-Kendall test statistics<br>
alternative: Alternative hypothesis<br>
trend_likelihood: Likelihood of trend direction adapted from IPCC criteria<br>
lat: Latitude<br>
lon: Longitude<br>
site_simple: site without macrons</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 02 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 02 Dec 2023<br />
Extreme rainfall, state, 1960 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153092023-12-02T02:01:47.272387+00:002023-12-02T02:00:08.111397+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115309-extreme-rainfall-state-1960-2022/" title="Details for Extreme rainfall, state, 1960 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115309.394894,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Extreme rainfall, state, 1960 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 02 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This dataset measures extreme rainfall at 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand from 1960 to 2022. We measure the maximum amount of rainfall in a single day (‘maximum one-day rainfall’), the number of very wet days (‘very wet days’), and the percentage of annual rainfall from very wet days (‘rainfall due to very wet days’). We present annual values for these measures. </p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: NIWA 30 stations<br>
period_start: start of year<br>
period_end: end of year<br>
reference _period: climate normal used to identify very wet days<br>
parameter: Parameter (maximum one-day rainfall (mm), number of very wet days, rainfall due to very wet days (%))<br>
data_value: Data value for parameter<br>
lat: Latitude<br>
lon: Longitude<br>
pretty_site_name: Pretty site name<br>
site_simple: pretty_site_name without macrons</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 02 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 02 Dec 2023<br />
Annual and seasonal rainfall at 30 sites, trends, 1960 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153652023-12-07T02:53:56.990196+00:002023-12-07T02:52:02.160581+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115365-annual-and-seasonal-rainfall-at-30-sites-trends-1960-2022/" title="Details for Annual and seasonal rainfall at 30 sites, trends, 1960 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115365.395064,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Annual and seasonal rainfall at 30 sites, trends, 1960 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This dataset measures annual and seasonal rainfall trends at 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand from 1960 to 2022.</p>
<p>Variables<br>
site: NIWA climate site.<br>
season: Season or Annual data (combined for ease of data use)<br>
trend_likelihood: Likelihood of trend direction adapted from IPCC criteria.<br>
period_start: Start of trend period<br>
period_end: End of trend period<br>
p_value: P value<br>
slope, conf_low, conf_high, conf_level: Slope statistic to describe rate of change and relevant 90% and 66% confidence intervals.<br>
intercept: Intercept<br>
r_sqared: R squared<br>
sigma: Sigma<br>
trend_method: Trend method (Mann-Kendall or Linear model)<br>
n: Number of data points included in trend calculation.<br>
note: Linear model analysis notes<br>
s, var_s, tau, z: Mann-Kendall test statistics.<br>
alternative: Alternative hypothesis used in Mann Kendall Calculation<br>
lat: Approximate latitude location of NIWA climate stations to represent a site.<br>
lon: Approximate longitude location of NIWA climate stations to represent a site.<br>
simple_site: site without macrons</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Annual and seasonal rainfall at 30 sites, state, 1960 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153642023-12-07T02:49:21.086820+00:002023-12-07T02:47:14.812249+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115364-annual-and-seasonal-rainfall-at-30-sites-state-1960-2022/" title="Details for Annual and seasonal rainfall at 30 sites, state, 1960 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115364.395063,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Annual and seasonal rainfall at 30 sites, state, 1960 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This dataset measures annual and seasonal rainfall at 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand from 1960 to 2022. We also provide data for annual and seasonal anomalies (difference from baseline) for each site from 1960 to 2022.</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: NIWA climate site.<br>
season: Season or Annual data (combined for ease of data use)<br>
precipitation: Rainfall in mm<br>
period_start: Start date of season or year<br>
period_end: End date of season or year<br>
pretty_site_name: pretty site name<br>
lat: Approximate latitude location of NIWA climate stations to represent a site.<br>
lon: Approximate longitude location of NIWA climate stations to represent a site.<br>
anom_1961: Anomaly against baseline 1961-1990<br>
anom_1991: Anomaly against baseline 1991-2020<br>
site_simple: pretty_site_name without macrons</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Daily rainfall at 30 sites, state, 1960 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153632023-12-07T02:56:21.193431+00:002023-12-07T02:28:11.524682+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115363-daily-rainfall-at-30-sites-state-1960-2022/" title="Details for Daily rainfall at 30 sites, state, 1960 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115363.395062,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Daily rainfall at 30 sites, state, 1960 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This dataset measures daily rainfall at 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand from 1960 to 2022.</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: location of monitoring station<br>
date: date<br>
rainfall: rainfall in mm<br>
rainfall_units: rainfall is measured in mm<br>
lat: Approximate latitude location of NIWA climate stations to represent a site.<br>
lon: Approximate longitude location of NIWA climate stations to represent a site.<br>
site_simple: site without macrons</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Total rainfall, 2016tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894202017-10-12T23:27:50.914497+00:002017-10-12T23:20:55.940163+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89420-total-rainfall-2016/" title="Details for Total rainfall, 2016"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89420.285659,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Total rainfall, 2016 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 12 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>This layer is the total rainfall for the year 2016, summed from interpolated daily rainfall, in mm, not the average.</p>
<p></p>
<p>More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Totall rainfall, 2014tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894182017-10-12T23:26:15.030163+00:002017-10-12T23:18:57.299341+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89418-totall-rainfall-2014/" title="Details for Totall rainfall, 2014"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89418.285657,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Totall rainfall, 2014 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 12 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>This layer is the total rainfall for the year 2016, summed from interpolated daily rainfall, in mm, not the average.</p>
<p>More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Total rainfall, 2015tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894192017-10-12T23:27:06.084109+00:002017-10-12T23:19:56.445403+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89419-total-rainfall-2015/" title="Details for Total rainfall, 2015"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89419.285658,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Total rainfall, 2015 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 12 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>This layer is the total rainfall for the year 2016, summed from interpolated daily rainfall, in mm, not the average.</p>
<p>More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Average annual PED, 2015/16tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894862017-10-18T21:06:36.530119+00:002017-10-18T21:04:12.284642+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89486-average-annual-ped-2015-16/" title="Details for Average annual PED, 2015/16"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89486.285893,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Average annual PED, 2015/16 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 18 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Potential evapotranspiration deficit (PED) can be thought of as a drought index. It is the difference between how much water could potentially be lost from the soil through evapotranspiration and how much is actually available. When PED is high, plants do not have the full amount of water available they need for growth. As our climate changes, increasing temperatures and rainfall pattern changes are expected to increase PED, and the frequency and intensity of drought, particularly in currently drought-prone regions.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 18 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 18 Oct 2017<br />
Average annual PED, 2014/15tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894852017-10-18T21:05:29.334493+00:002017-10-18T21:03:43.542405+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89485-average-annual-ped-2014-15/" title="Details for Average annual PED, 2014/15"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89485.285892,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Average annual PED, 2014/15 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 18 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Potential evapotranspiration deficit (PED) can be thought of as a drought index. It is the difference between how much water could potentially be lost from the soil through evapotranspiration and how much is actually available. When PED is high, plants do not have the full amount of water available they need for growth. As our climate changes, increasing temperatures and rainfall pattern changes are expected to increase PED, and the frequency and intensity of drought, particularly in currently drought-prone regions.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 18 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 18 Oct 2017<br />
Average annual PED, 2013/14tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894842017-10-18T21:05:07.749811+00:002017-10-18T21:03:11.809433+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89484-average-annual-ped-2013-14/" title="Details for Average annual PED, 2013/14"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89484.285891,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Average annual PED, 2013/14 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 18 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Potential evapotranspiration deficit (PED) can be thought of as a drought index. It is the difference between how much water could potentially be lost from the soil through evapotranspiration and how much is actually available. When PED is high, plants do not have the full amount of water available they need for growth. As our climate changes, increasing temperatures and rainfall pattern changes are expected to increase PED, and the frequency and intensity of drought, particularly in currently drought-prone regions.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 18 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 18 Oct 2017<br />
Anomaly PED, 2013/14–2015/16tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894832017-10-18T21:04:32.008961+00:002017-10-18T21:02:15.661354+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89483-anomaly-ped-2013-142015-16/" title="Details for Anomaly PED, 2013/14–2015/16"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89483.285890,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Anomaly PED, 2013/14–2015/16 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 18 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Potential evapotranspiration deficit (PED) can be thought of as a drought index. It is the difference between how much water could potentially be lost from the soil through evapotranspiration and how much is actually available. When PED is high, plants do not have the full amount of water available they need for growth. As our climate changes, increasing temperatures and rainfall pattern changes are expected to increase PED, and the frequency and intensity of drought, particularly in currently drought-prone regions.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 18 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 18 Oct 2017<br />
Average annual sunshine hours, 2015tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894482017-10-13T00:57:46.233386+00:002017-10-13T00:50:21.812227+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89448-average-annual-sunshine-hours-2015/" title="Details for Average annual sunshine hours, 2015"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89448.285688,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Average annual sunshine hours, 2015 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 13 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Sunshine is essential for our mental and physical well-being and plant growth. It is also important for tourism and recreation.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 13 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 13 Oct 2017<br />
Percent of normal sunshine hours, 2014–16tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894462017-10-13T00:53:55.502786+00:002017-10-13T00:46:37.406031+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89446-percent-of-normal-sunshine-hours-201416/" title="Details for Percent of normal sunshine hours, 2014–16"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89446.285686,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Percent of normal sunshine hours, 2014–16 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 13 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Sunshine is essential for our mental and physical well-being and plant growth. It is also important for tourism and recreation.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 13 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 13 Oct 2017<br />
Average annual sunshine hours, 2014tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894472017-10-13T00:56:59.048262+00:002017-10-13T00:49:50.585762+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89447-average-annual-sunshine-hours-2014/" title="Details for Average annual sunshine hours, 2014"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89447.285687,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Average annual sunshine hours, 2014 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 13 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Sunshine is essential for our mental and physical well-being and plant growth. It is also important for tourism and recreation.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 13 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 13 Oct 2017<br />
Average annual sunshine hours, 2016tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894492017-10-13T00:58:19.111137+00:002017-10-13T00:50:49.556812+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89449-average-annual-sunshine-hours-2016/" title="Details for Average annual sunshine hours, 2016"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89449.285689,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Average annual sunshine hours, 2016 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 13 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Sunshine is essential for our mental and physical well-being and plant growth. It is also important for tourism and recreation.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 13 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 13 Oct 2017<br />
Annual sea surface temperature difference from normal, 2014tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:893942017-10-12T21:39:23.183488+00:002017-10-12T21:36:15.665923+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89394-annual-sea-surface-temperature-difference-from-normal-2014/" title="Details for Annual sea surface temperature difference from normal, 2014"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89394.285633,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Annual sea surface temperature difference from normal, 2014 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 12 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>The oceans store most of the excess energy accumulated due to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere warming the surface layer. These long-term increases in temperature caused by climate change are in addition to natural variability where ocean temperatures change in response to climate oscillations like the El Niño Southern Oscillation.<br>
Changes in sea-surface temperatures can affect marine processes, environments, and species. Some species may shift range or find it hard to survive in changing environmental conditions. Warmer water also takes up more space, which contributes to sea-level rise.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Annual sea surface temperature difference from normal, 2015tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:893952017-10-12T21:40:40.848412+00:002017-10-12T21:37:44.007495+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89395-annual-sea-surface-temperature-difference-from-normal-2015/" title="Details for Annual sea surface temperature difference from normal, 2015"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89395.285634,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Annual sea surface temperature difference from normal, 2015 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 12 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>The oceans store most of the excess energy accumulated due to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere warming the surface layer. These long-term increases in temperature caused by climate change are in addition to natural variability where ocean temperatures change in response to climate oscillations like the El Niño Southern Oscillation.<br>
Changes in sea-surface temperatures can affect marine processes, environments, and species. Some species may shift range or find it hard to survive in changing environmental conditions. Warmer water also takes up more space, which contributes to sea-level rise.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Annual sea surface temperature difference from normal, 2016tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:893962017-10-12T21:40:30.291489+00:002017-10-12T21:37:57.661065+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89396-annual-sea-surface-temperature-difference-from-normal-2016/" title="Details for Annual sea surface temperature difference from normal, 2016"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89396.285635,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Annual sea surface temperature difference from normal, 2016 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 12 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>The oceans store most of the excess energy accumulated due to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere warming the surface layer. These long-term increases in temperature caused by climate change are in addition to natural variability where ocean temperatures change in response to climate oscillations like the El Niño Southern Oscillation.<br>
Changes in sea-surface temperatures can affect marine processes, environments, and species. Some species may shift range or find it hard to survive in changing environmental conditions. Warmer water also takes up more space, which contributes to sea-level rise.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Lightning, 2001–2016tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894282017-10-13T00:19:00.067287+00:002017-10-13T00:16:56.612521+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89428-lightning-20012016/" title="Details for Lightning, 2001–2016"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89428.285668,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Lightning, 2001–2016 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 13 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Lightning is the discharge of electricity from thunderstorms and can occur within a cloud, between clouds, or between a cloud and the ground. By international standards, lightning does not occur frequently around New Zealand. However, ground strikes can injure or kill people and livestock, damage property and infrastructure, and, although rarely in New Zealand, spark forest fires. Thunderstorms are often associated with other severe weather events, such as strong wind gusts and hail. Thunderstorms may increase in frequency and intensity with climate change.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 13 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 13 Oct 2017<br />
Deforestation by Territorial Authority, 2008–2014tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894222017-10-12T23:57:11.922617+00:002017-10-12T23:48:44.038848+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89422-deforestation-by-territorial-authority-20082014/" title="Details for Deforestation by Territorial Authority, 2008–2014"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89422.285661,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Deforestation by Territorial Authority, 2008–2014 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 12 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Percent of land deforested in each Territorial Authority unit from 2008–2014. New Zealand’s indigenous and exotic forests absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and store the carbon as biomass and in the soil. On average, more than twice as much carbon per hectare is stored in New Zealand’s mature indigenous forests than in exotic forests planted for wood production. Regenerating indigenous forests are also an important store of carbon, adding carbon every year as they grow. Total carbon stored in exotic forests will fluctuate over decades as the forests grow from seedlings to mature trees, are harvested, and replanted. Because CO2 is the major driver of climate change, forests provide important mitigation services and help New Zealand meet its climate change commitments.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Seasonal rainfall, summer , 1981–2010tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894142017-10-12T22:50:57.274761+00:002017-10-12T22:46:18.478892+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89414-seasonal-rainfall-summer-19812010/" title="Details for Seasonal rainfall, summer , 1981–2010"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89414.285653,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Seasonal rainfall, summer , 1981–2010 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 12 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Rain is vital for life – it supplies the water we need to drink and to grow our food, keeps our ecosystems healthy, and supplies our electricity. New Zealand’s mountainous terrain and location in the roaring forties mean rainfall varies across the country. Changes in rainfall amount or timing can significantly affect agriculture, energy, recreation, and the environment. For example, an increase or decrease of rainfall in spring can have marked effects on crops or fish populations.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Seasonal rainfall, winter, 1981–2010tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894152017-10-12T22:59:36.864294+00:002017-10-12T22:47:20.227251+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89415-seasonal-rainfall-winter-19812010/" title="Details for Seasonal rainfall, winter, 1981–2010"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89415.285654,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Seasonal rainfall, winter, 1981–2010 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 12 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Rain is vital for life – it supplies the water we need to drink and to grow our food, keeps our ecosystems healthy, and supplies our electricity. New Zealand’s mountainous terrain and location in the roaring forties mean rainfall varies across the country. Changes in rainfall amount or timing can significantly affect agriculture, energy, recreation, and the environment. For example, an increase or decrease of rainfall in spring can have marked effects on crops or fish populations.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Seasonal rainfall, autumn, 1981–2010tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894162017-10-12T23:22:14.130402+00:002017-10-12T23:16:42.957262+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89416-seasonal-rainfall-autumn-19812010/" title="Details for Seasonal rainfall, autumn, 1981–2010"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89416.285655,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Seasonal rainfall, autumn, 1981–2010 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 12 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Rain is vital for life – it supplies the water we need to drink and to grow our food, keeps our ecosystems healthy, and supplies our electricity. New Zealand’s mountainous terrain and location in the roaring forties mean rainfall varies across the country. Changes in rainfall amount or timing can significantly affect agriculture, energy, recreation, and the environment. For example, an increase or decrease of rainfall in spring can have marked effects on crops or fish populations.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Seasonal rainfall, spring, 1981–2010tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894172017-10-12T23:23:06.076691+00:002017-10-12T23:17:58.734977+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89417-seasonal-rainfall-spring-19812010/" title="Details for Seasonal rainfall, spring, 1981–2010"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89417.285656,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Seasonal rainfall, spring, 1981–2010 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 12 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Rain is vital for life – it supplies the water we need to drink and to grow our food, keeps our ecosystems healthy, and supplies our electricity. New Zealand’s mountainous terrain and location in the roaring forties mean rainfall varies across the country. Changes in rainfall amount or timing can significantly affect agriculture, energy, recreation, and the environment. For example, an increase or decrease of rainfall in spring can have marked effects on crops or fish populations.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Average annual rainfall, 1972–2016tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894212017-10-12T23:29:05.566782+00:002017-10-12T23:21:54.881561+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89421-average-annual-rainfall-19722016/" title="Details for Average annual rainfall, 1972–2016"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89421.285660,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Average annual rainfall, 1972–2016 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 12 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Rain is vital for life – it supplies the water we need to drink and to grow our food, keeps our ecosystems healthy, and supplies our electricity. New Zealand’s mountainous terrain and location in the roaring forties mean rainfall varies across the country. Changes in rainfall amount or timing can significantly affect agriculture, energy, recreation, and the environment. For example, an increase or decrease of rainfall in spring can have marked effects on crops or fish populations.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Lightning_GroundStrikes_by_Regiontag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-01:layers:535582017-01-11T01:57:10.268964+00:002017-02-24T04:13:34.677317+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/53558-lightning-groundstrikes-by-region/" title="Details for Lightning_GroundStrikes_by_Region"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=53558.163021,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Lightning_GroundStrikes_by_Region thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 24 Feb 2017</strong><br />
<p>Lightning is the discharge of electricity from thunderstorms. Ground strikes can cause significant damage to property and infrastructure, and injure or kill people and livestock. Lightning is often associated with other severe weather events, such as strong wind gusts. Thunderstorms may increase in frequency and intensity with climate change.<br>
This dataset relates to the "Lightning" measure on the Environmental Indicators, Te taiao Aotearoa website.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 11 Jan 2017<br />
Updated: 24 Feb 2017<br />
Lightning strike density, 2000–14tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2016-02:layers:528512016-02-10T23:53:06.804521+00:002016-02-10T23:31:52.035396+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/52851-lightning-strike-density-200014/" title="Details for Lightning strike density, 2000–14"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=52851.151533,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Lightning strike density, 2000–14 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 10 Feb 2016</strong><br />
<p>Lightning is the discharge of electricity, from thunderstorms, that equalises areas of positive and negative charge, for example, between a storm cloud and the ground. Thunderstorms form as a result of rapidly rising air with a high moisture content (humidity). On average, 1 in 10 lightning discharges strikes the ground (or sea) (Metservice, 2015). Lightning (and therefore thunderstorms) are also often associated with other severe weather events, such as strong wind gusts, and in extreme cases tornadoes.</p>
<p>By international standards, lightning does not occur frequently around New Zealand. However, thunderstorms, and thus lightning, can cause injury and damage (Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management, 2010), and may increase in frequency and intensity with climate change (Mullen et. al., 2011).</p>
<p>This data shows the average annual number of lightning strikes per 25km square.</p>
<p>This dataset relates to the "Lightning" measure on the Environmental Indicators, Te taiao Aotearoa website.</p>
<p>Geometry: grid/point</p>
<p>Unit: strikes/25km2/year</p>
<p>Further information can be found in:</p>
<p>MetService (nd). Lightning observation services. Accessed 3 June 2015 from <a href="http://www.metservice.com">www.metservice.com</a>.</p>
<p>Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management (2010). Thunderstorms. Working from the same page: Consistent messages for CDEM (p3). Available from <a href="http://www.civildefence.govt.nz">www.civildefence.govt.nz</a>.</p>
<p>Mullan, B, Carey-Smith, T, Griffiths, G, & Sood, A (2011). Scenarios of storminess and regional wind extremes under climate change. NIWA Client Report: WLG2010-31 (pvii). Available from <a href="http://www.niwa.co.nz">www.niwa.co.nz</a>.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 10 Feb 2016<br />
Updated: 10 Feb 2016<br />
Lightning recorderstag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2016-02:layers:533122016-02-18T19:36:15.324491+00:002016-02-18T19:35:13.147668+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/53312-lightning-recorders/" title="Details for Lightning recorders"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=53312.152143,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Lightning recorders thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 18 Feb 2016</strong><br />
<p>Lightning is the discharge of electricity from thunderstorms. Ground strikes can cause significant damage to property and infrastructure, and injure or kill people and livestock. Lightning is often associated with other severe weather events, such as strong wind gusts. Thunderstorms may increase in frequency and intensity with climate change. </p>
<p>This dataset shows the location of sensors in the New Zealand Lightning Detection Network (NZLDN), run by MetService. </p>
<p>Sensors around the country detect lightning over the New Zealand land mass and a short distance out to sea. These sensors detect very accurately the electrical discharge, location, and time, as well as noting other parameters such as current strength. The NZLDN records both cloud-to-cloud and cloud-to-ground strikes.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 18 Feb 2016<br />
Updated: 18 Feb 2016<br />
Sunshine hours 1981tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2016-02:layers:532342016-02-17T03:27:17.225465+00:002016-02-17T02:46:38.825098+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/53234-sunshine-hours-1981/" title="Details for Sunshine hours 1981"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=53234.152062,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Sunshine hours 1981 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 17 Feb 2016</strong><br />
<p>Sunshine is important for our health and recreation, and for the environment. It is also important for our agriculture-based economy, for example, for plant growth. </p>
<p>This layer shows annual sunshine hours across New Zealand for 1981 as part of the data series for years 1972 to 2013.<br>
Data is for a calendar year (January-December). </p>
<p>The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) mapped mean annual sunshine hours from the virtual climate station network data (NIWA) generated from data in its National Climate Database, for the period 1981–2013. It generated the Units: percentage of normal by comparing the annual average to the long-term mean for 1981–2010. Maps were produced using the Virtual Climate Station network data. Data for each year are measured over the calendar year (January–December). </p>
<p>The accuracy of the data source is of high quality. </p>
<p>This dataset relates to the "Sunshine hours in New Zealand" measure on the Environmental Indicators, Te taiao Aotearoa website. </p>
<p>Geometry: grid<br>
Unit: hrs/yr</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 17 Feb 2016<br />
Updated: 17 Feb 2016<br />
Standardised soil moisture deficit 1972-1973tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2016-02:layers:533212016-02-22T04:04:21.092787+00:002016-02-22T03:37:51.076916+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/53321-standardised-soil-moisture-deficit-1972-1973/" title="Details for Standardised soil moisture deficit 1972-1973"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=53321.152301,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Standardised soil moisture deficit 1972-1973 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 22 Feb 2016</strong><br />
<p>Soil moisture is important for plant growth. A lack of moisture content over a growing season is a good indicator of drought, which can have social, environmental, and economic impacts. Increasing temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns are expected to increase the frequency and intensity of drought in many regions. Growing season soil moisture deficits are estimated by the potential evapotranspiration deficit, the difference between rainfall and evapotranspiration. </p>
<p>This layer shows the standardised annual soil moisture (potential evapotranspiration deficit (PED)) across New Zealand for 1972 as part of the data series for years 1972 to 2013. </p>
<p>Evapotranspiration is the loss of water by evaporation and plant transpiration. PED is the difference between estimated evapotranspiration and rainfall. </p>
<p>We produced maps of the standardised annual PED (the departure from the 1981–2010 average, divided by the 1981–2010 standard deviation) were produced for every growing season (calculated as July–June years) from 1972 to 2013. </p>
<p>Care should be taken when comparing maps from year to year – days may be missing from the PED GIS data, and data may have been interpolated to complete the dataset. The interpolation accuracy is lowest in areas of high elevation, where there are fewer climate stations and complex terrain affects accuracy. Climate stations may also open and close, affecting the accuracy of the data provided. </p>
<p>This dataset relates to the "Soil moisture and drought" measure on the Environmental Indicators, Te taiao Aotearoa website. </p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 22 Feb 2016<br />
Updated: 22 Feb 2016<br />
Standardised soil moisture deficit 1975-1976tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2016-02:layers:530582016-02-11T05:13:33.992301+00:002016-02-11T04:16:38.746649+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/53058-standardised-soil-moisture-deficit-1975-1976/" title="Details for Standardised soil moisture deficit 1975-1976"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=53058.151740,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Standardised soil moisture deficit 1975-1976 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 11 Feb 2016</strong><br />
<p>"Soil moisture is important for plant growth. A lack of moisture content over a growing season is a good indicator of drought, which can have social, environmental, and economic impacts. Increasing temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns are expected to increase the frequency and intensity of drought in many regions. Growing season soil moisture deficits are estimated by the potential evapotranspiration deficit, the difference between rainfall and evapotranspiration. </p>
<p>This layer shows the standardised annual soil moisture (potential evapotranspiration deficit (PED)) across New Zealand for 1975 as part of the data series for years 1972 to 2013. </p>
<p>Evapotranspiration is the loss of water by evaporation and plant transpiration. PED is the difference between estimated evapotranspiration and rainfall. </p>
<p>We produced maps of the standardised annual PED (the departure from the 1981–2010 average, divided by the 1981–2010 standard deviation) were produced for every growing season (calculated as July–June years) from 1972 to 2013. </p>
<p>Care should be taken when comparing maps from year to year – days may be missing from the PED GIS data, and data may have been interpolated to complete the dataset. The interpolation accuracy is lowest in areas of high elevation, where there are fewer climate stations and complex terrain affects accuracy. Climate stations may also open and close, affecting the accuracy of the data provided. </p>
<p>This dataset relates to the "Soil moisture and drought" measure on the Environmental Indicators, Te taiao Aotearoa website. </p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 11 Feb 2016<br />
Updated: 11 Feb 2016<br />
Standardised soil moisture deficit 1976-1977tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2016-02:layers:530592016-02-11T05:13:12.058245+00:002016-02-11T04:16:39.301660+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/53059-standardised-soil-moisture-deficit-1976-1977/" title="Details for Standardised soil moisture deficit 1976-1977"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=53059.151741,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Standardised soil moisture deficit 1976-1977 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 11 Feb 2016</strong><br />
<p>"Soil moisture is important for plant growth. A lack of moisture content over a growing season is a good indicator of drought, which can have social, environmental, and economic impacts. Increasing temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns are expected to increase the frequency and intensity of drought in many regions. Growing season soil moisture deficits are estimated by the potential evapotranspiration deficit, the difference between rainfall and evapotranspiration. </p>
<p>This layer shows the standardised annual soil moisture (potential evapotranspiration deficit (PED)) across New Zealand for 1976 as part of the data series for years 1972 to 2013. </p>
<p>Evapotranspiration is the loss of water by evaporation and plant transpiration. PED is the difference between estimated evapotranspiration and rainfall. </p>
<p>We produced maps of the standardised annual PED (the departure from the 1981–2010 average, divided by the 1981–2010 standard deviation) were produced for every growing season (calculated as July–June years) from 1972 to 2013. </p>
<p>Care should be taken when comparing maps from year to year – days may be missing from the PED GIS data, and data may have been interpolated to complete the dataset. The interpolation accuracy is lowest in areas of high elevation, where there are fewer climate stations and complex terrain affects accuracy. Climate stations may also open and close, affecting the accuracy of the data provided. </p>
<p>This dataset relates to the "Soil moisture and drought" measure on the Environmental Indicators, Te taiao Aotearoa website. </p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 11 Feb 2016<br />
Updated: 11 Feb 2016<br />
Standardised soil moisture deficit 1977-1978tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2016-02:layers:530602016-02-11T05:13:22.975182+00:002016-02-11T04:16:39.743451+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/53060-standardised-soil-moisture-deficit-1977-1978/" title="Details for Standardised soil moisture deficit 1977-1978"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=53060.151742,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Standardised soil moisture deficit 1977-1978 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 11 Feb 2016</strong><br />
<p>"Soil moisture is important for plant growth. A lack of moisture content over a growing season is a good indicator of drought, which can have social, environmental, and economic impacts. Increasing temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns are expected to increase the frequency and intensity of drought in many regions. Growing season soil moisture deficits are estimated by the potential evapotranspiration deficit, the difference between rainfall and evapotranspiration. </p>
<p>This layer shows the standardised annual soil moisture (potential evapotranspiration deficit (PED)) across New Zealand for 1977 as part of the data series for years 1972 to 2013. </p>
<p>Evapotranspiration is the loss of water by evaporation and plant transpiration. PED is the difference between estimated evapotranspiration and rainfall. </p>
<p>We produced maps of the standardised annual PED (the departure from the 1981–2010 average, divided by the 1981–2010 standard deviation) were produced for every growing season (calculated as July–June years) from 1972 to 2013. </p>
<p>Care should be taken when comparing maps from year to year – days may be missing from the PED GIS data, and data may have been interpolated to complete the dataset. The interpolation accuracy is lowest in areas of high elevation, where there are fewer climate stations and complex terrain affects accuracy. Climate stations may also open and close, affecting the accuracy of the data provided. </p>
<p>This dataset relates to the "Soil moisture and drought" measure on the Environmental Indicators, Te taiao Aotearoa website. </p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 11 Feb 2016<br />
Updated: 11 Feb 2016<br />
Standardised soil moisture deficit 1978-1979tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2016-02:layers:530612016-02-11T05:13:26.442102+00:002016-02-11T04:16:40.178081+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/53061-standardised-soil-moisture-deficit-1978-1979/" title="Details for Standardised soil moisture deficit 1978-1979"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=53061.151743,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Standardised soil moisture deficit 1978-1979 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 11 Feb 2016</strong><br />
<p>"Soil moisture is important for plant growth. A lack of moisture content over a growing season is a good indicator of drought, which can have social, environmental, and economic impacts. Increasing temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns are expected to increase the frequency and intensity of drought in many regions. Growing season soil moisture deficits are estimated by the potential evapotranspiration deficit, the difference between rainfall and evapotranspiration. </p>
<p>This layer shows the standardised annual soil moisture (potential evapotranspiration deficit (PED)) across New Zealand for 1978 as part of the data series for years 1972 to 2013. </p>
<p>Evapotranspiration is the loss of water by evaporation and plant transpiration. PED is the difference between estimated evapotranspiration and rainfall. </p>
<p>We produced maps of the standardised annual PED (the departure from the 1981–2010 average, divided by the 1981–2010 standard deviation) were produced for every growing season (calculated as July–June years) from 1972 to 2013. </p>
<p>Care should be taken when comparing maps from year to year – days may be missing from the PED GIS data, and data may have been interpolated to complete the dataset. The interpolation accuracy is lowest in areas of high elevation, where there are fewer climate stations and complex terrain affects accuracy. Climate stations may also open and close, affecting the accuracy of the data provided. </p>
<p>This dataset relates to the "Soil moisture and drought" measure on the Environmental Indicators, Te taiao Aotearoa website. </p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 11 Feb 2016<br />
Updated: 11 Feb 2016<br />
Standardised soil moisture deficit 1979-1980tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2016-02:layers:530622016-02-11T05:13:35.756738+00:002016-02-11T04:16:40.661943+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/53062-standardised-soil-moisture-deficit-1979-1980/" title="Details for Standardised soil moisture deficit 1979-1980"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=53062.151744,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Standardised soil moisture deficit 1979-1980 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 11 Feb 2016</strong><br />
<p>"Soil moisture is important for plant growth. A lack of moisture content over a growing season is a good indicator of drought, which can have social, environmental, and economic impacts. Increasing temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns are expected to increase the frequency and intensity of drought in many regions. Growing season soil moisture deficits are estimated by the potential evapotranspiration deficit, the difference between rainfall and evapotranspiration. </p>
<p>This layer shows the standardised annual soil moisture (potential evapotranspiration deficit (PED)) across New Zealand for 1979 as part of the data series for years 1972 to 2013. </p>
<p>Evapotranspiration is the loss of water by evaporation and plant transpiration. PED is the difference between estimated evapotranspiration and rainfall. </p>
<p>We produced maps of the standardised annual PED (the departure from the 1981–2010 average, divided by the 1981–2010 standard deviation) were produced for every growing season (calculated as July–June years) from 1972 to 2013. </p>
<p>Care should be taken when comparing maps from year to year – days may be missing from the PED GIS data, and data may have been interpolated to complete the dataset. The interpolation accuracy is lowest in areas of high elevation, where there are fewer climate stations and complex terrain affects accuracy. Climate stations may also open and close, affecting the accuracy of the data provided. </p>
<p>This dataset relates to the "Soil moisture and drought" measure on the Environmental Indicators, Te taiao Aotearoa website. </p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 11 Feb 2016<br />
Updated: 11 Feb 2016<br />
Standardised soil moisture deficit 1980-1981tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2016-02:layers:530632016-02-11T05:13:41.765447+00:002016-02-11T04:16:41.138032+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/53063-standardised-soil-moisture-deficit-1980-1981/" title="Details for Standardised soil moisture deficit 1980-1981"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=53063.151745,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Standardised soil moisture deficit 1980-1981 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 11 Feb 2016</strong><br />
<p>"Soil moisture is important for plant growth. A lack of moisture content over a growing season is a good indicator of drought, which can have social, environmental, and economic impacts. Increasing temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns are expected to increase the frequency and intensity of drought in many regions. Growing season soil moisture deficits are estimated by the potential evapotranspiration deficit, the difference between rainfall and evapotranspiration. </p>
<p>This layer shows the standardised annual soil moisture (potential evapotranspiration deficit (PED)) across New Zealand for 1980 as part of the data series for years 1972 to 2013. </p>
<p>Evapotranspiration is the loss of water by evaporation and plant transpiration. PED is the difference between estimated evapotranspiration and rainfall. </p>
<p>We produced maps of the standardised annual PED (the departure from the 1981–2010 average, divided by the 1981–2010 standard deviation) were produced for every growing season (calculated as July–June years) from 1972 to 2013. </p>
<p>Care should be taken when comparing maps from year to year – days may be missing from the PED GIS data, and data may have been interpolated to complete the dataset. The interpolation accuracy is lowest in areas of high elevation, where there are fewer climate stations and complex terrain affects accuracy. Climate stations may also open and close, affecting the accuracy of the data provided. </p>
<p>This dataset relates to the "Soil moisture and drought" measure on the Environmental Indicators, Te taiao Aotearoa website. </p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 11 Feb 2016<br />
Updated: 11 Feb 2016<br />
Standardised soil moisture deficit 1981-1982tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2016-02:layers:530642016-02-11T05:13:42.983846+00:002016-02-11T04:16:41.739676+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/53064-standardised-soil-moisture-deficit-1981-1982/" title="Details for Standardised soil moisture deficit 1981-1982"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=53064.151746,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Standardised soil moisture deficit 1981-1982 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 11 Feb 2016</strong><br />
<p>"Soil moisture is important for plant growth. A lack of moisture content over a growing season is a good indicator of drought, which can have social, environmental, and economic impacts. Increasing temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns are expected to increase the frequency and intensity of drought in many regions. Growing season soil moisture deficits are estimated by the potential evapotranspiration deficit, the difference between rainfall and evapotranspiration. </p>
<p>This layer shows the standardised annual soil moisture (potential evapotranspiration deficit (PED)) across New Zealand for 1981 as part of the data series for years 1972 to 2013. </p>
<p>Evapotranspiration is the loss of water by evaporation and plant transpiration. PED is the difference between estimated evapotranspiration and rainfall. </p>
<p>We produced maps of the standardised annual PED (the departure from the 1981–2010 average, divided by the 1981–2010 standard deviation) were produced for every growing season (calculated as July–June years) from 1972 to 2013. </p>
<p>Care should be taken when comparing maps from year to year – days may be missing from the PED GIS data, and data may have been interpolated to complete the dataset. The interpolation accuracy is lowest in areas of high elevation, where there are fewer climate stations and complex terrain affects accuracy. Climate stations may also open and close, affecting the accuracy of the data provided. </p>
<p>This dataset relates to the "Soil moisture and drought" measure on the Environmental Indicators, Te taiao Aotearoa website. </p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 11 Feb 2016<br />
Updated: 11 Feb 2016<br />
Standardised soil moisture deficit 1982-1983tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2016-02:layers:530652016-02-11T05:13:49.729434+00:002016-02-11T04:16:42.319838+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/53065-standardised-soil-moisture-deficit-1982-1983/" title="Details for Standardised soil moisture deficit 1982-1983"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=53065.151747,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Standardised soil moisture deficit 1982-1983 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 11 Feb 2016</strong><br />
<p>"Soil moisture is important for plant growth. A lack of moisture content over a growing season is a good indicator of drought, which can have social, environmental, and economic impacts. Increasing temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns are expected to increase the frequency and intensity of drought in many regions. Growing season soil moisture deficits are estimated by the potential evapotranspiration deficit, the difference between rainfall and evapotranspiration. </p>
<p>This layer shows the standardised annual soil moisture (potential evapotranspiration deficit (PED)) across New Zealand for 1982 as part of the data series for years 1972 to 2013. </p>
<p>Evapotranspiration is the loss of water by evaporation and plant transpiration. PED is the difference between estimated evapotranspiration and rainfall. </p>
<p>We produced maps of the standardised annual PED (the departure from the 1981–2010 average, divided by the 1981–2010 standard deviation) were produced for every growing season (calculated as July–June years) from 1972 to 2013. </p>
<p>Care should be taken when comparing maps from year to year – days may be missing from the PED GIS data, and data may have been interpolated to complete the dataset. The interpolation accuracy is lowest in areas of high elevation, where there are fewer climate stations and complex terrain affects accuracy. Climate stations may also open and close, affecting the accuracy of the data provided. </p>
<p>This dataset relates to the "Soil moisture and drought" measure on the Environmental Indicators, Te taiao Aotearoa website. </p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 11 Feb 2016<br />
Updated: 11 Feb 2016<br />