MfE Data Service :: tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2008-10:feed:data:category=301217:sort=rMinistry for the Environmenthttps://data.mfe.govt.nz//Drought, state, 1972 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:layers:1159772024-02-19T01:25:43.489888+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115977-drought-state-1972-2022/" title="Details for Drought, state, 1972 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115977.398299,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Drought, state, 1972 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<p>We report on drought frequency, duration, severity, and intensity at three different time scales, short-term (3 months), medium-term (6 months) and long-term (12 months). These different time scales are approximately equivalent to meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological drought, respectively. We do this for 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand monitored by NIWA (National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research) from 1972 to 2022. To measure drought events, this dataset uses the Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), which incorporates temperature and precipitation. </p>
<p>Drought frequency is the number of drought events across a specified period of time. Drought duration is the number of months in a drought event. Severity is a measure of how dry a drought event is, and intensity is a measure of drought severity scaled by its duration. Extreme dryness is indicated by SPEI values of less than -2. </p>
<p>Variables:<br>
id: Relates to drought_event, whether a drought event or non-drought event<br>
year: Year<br>
month: Month<br>
site: 30 NIWA Climate stations<br>
time_scale & drought_type: The drought the SPEI values represent given at 3, 6, and 12 months<br>
spei: SPEI is the balance of PET and P<br>
spei_class: Categorising SPEI values into what they may represent climate-wise<br>
imputed_value: Whether the value was imputed using linear interpolation<br>
drought_event: whether the sequence of SPEI values meet the threshold for a drought event<br>
duration: Duration of the drought event in months<br>
start_event: The start date of a drought event<br>
severity: Sum of the SPEI values per drough event that are below -1<br>
intensity: Sum of the SPEI values per drought event standardised against time (severity/duration)<br>
lat: Latitude<br>
lon: Longitude</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 19 Feb 2024<br />
Drought, trends, 1972 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:layers:1159762024-02-19T01:22:55.147294+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115976-drought-trends-1972-2022/" title="Details for Drought, trends, 1972 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115976.398298,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Drought, trends, 1972 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<p>To measure drought events, this dataset uses the Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), which incorporates temperature and precipitation. We report on drought frequency, duration, severity, and intensity at three different time scales, short-term (3 months), medium-term (6 months) and long-term (12 months). These different time scales are approximately equivalent to meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological drought, respectively. We report the trends for 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand monitored by NIWA (National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research) from 1972 to 2022.</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: Site the NIWA climate stations represent.<br>
time_scale: The number of months of drought<br>
drought_type: The drought the SPEI values represent given at 3, 6, and 12 months (meterological, agricultural and hydrological respectively.<br>
lat: Approx. lattitude location of NIWA climate stations to represent a site.<br>
lon: Approx. longitude location of NIWA climate stations to represent a site.<br>
trend_type: Duration is the number of months a drought event lasts.<br>
Average SPEI is the annual average SPEI value. Severity is the sum of SPEI values per drought event. Intensity is severity/duration. Peak month is the lowest SPEI value recorded per drought event. Frequency is the numbers of months between each drought event.<br>
p_value: Probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the result actually observed.<br>
z: Z statistic after correcting for autocorrelated data<br>
method: The type of trend test undertaken. Note that for methane a linear model with a quadratic term is used. For the Mann Kendall test we used a modified Mann Kendall test for autocorrelated data modifiedmk::mmkh()<br>
n: Number of data points included in trend calculation.<br>
note: Linear model analysis notes<br>
s, var_s, tau: Mann-Kendall test statistics.<br>
alternative: Alternative hypothesis<br>
trend_likelihood: Likelihood of trend direction adapted from IPCC criteria.<br>
period_start, period_end: The period the trend represents.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 19 Feb 2024<br />
Extreme rainfall, trends, 1960 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153102023-12-02T02:12:58.414078+00:002023-12-02T02:11:11.141704+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115310-extreme-rainfall-trends-1960-2022/" title="Details for Extreme rainfall, trends, 1960 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115310.394895,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Extreme rainfall, trends, 1960 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 02 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This dataset measures extreme rainfall at 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand from 1960 to 2022. We measure the maximum amount of rainfall in a single day (‘maximum precipitationl’), the number of very wet days (‘very wet days’), and the percentage of annual rainfall from very wet days (‘very wet day precipitation percent’). We present trends against the 1961 to 1990 climate normal period as well as the 1991 to 2020 climate normal period for very wet days and the percentage of annual rainfall from very wet days.</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: NIWA climate site<br>
reference_period: Reference period against which the number of wet days was calculated<br>
parameter: maximum precipitation (mm), very wet days, very wet day precipitation percent (%)<br>
period_start: Start of trend period<br>
period_end: End of trend period<br>
p_value: P value<br>
slope: Sen’s slope statistic of rate of change<br>
conf_low: Confidence intervals for Sen’s slope statistic<br>
conf_high: Confidence intervals for Sen’s slope statistic<br>
conf_level: Confidence level (90% or 66%) for Sen’s slope statistic<br>
z: z score<br>
trend_method: Mann-Kendall or Sen’s slope method<br>
n: Number of data points included in trend calculation<br>
note: note on data point<br>
s: Mann-Kendall test statistics<br>
var_s: Mann-Kendall test statistics<br>
tau: Mann-Kendall test statistics<br>
alternative: Alternative hypothesis<br>
trend_likelihood: Likelihood of trend direction adapted from IPCC criteria<br>
lat: Latitude<br>
lon: Longitude<br>
site_simple: site without macrons</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 02 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 02 Dec 2023<br />
Extreme rainfall, state, 1960 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153092023-12-02T02:01:47.272387+00:002023-12-02T02:00:08.111397+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115309-extreme-rainfall-state-1960-2022/" title="Details for Extreme rainfall, state, 1960 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115309.394894,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Extreme rainfall, state, 1960 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 02 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This dataset measures extreme rainfall at 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand from 1960 to 2022. We measure the maximum amount of rainfall in a single day (‘maximum one-day rainfall’), the number of very wet days (‘very wet days’), and the percentage of annual rainfall from very wet days (‘rainfall due to very wet days’). We present annual values for these measures. </p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: NIWA 30 stations<br>
period_start: start of year<br>
period_end: end of year<br>
reference _period: climate normal used to identify very wet days<br>
parameter: Parameter (maximum one-day rainfall (mm), number of very wet days, rainfall due to very wet days (%))<br>
data_value: Data value for parameter<br>
lat: Latitude<br>
lon: Longitude<br>
pretty_site_name: Pretty site name<br>
site_simple: pretty_site_name without macrons</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 02 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 02 Dec 2023<br />
Extreme wind, 1972 - 2019, trendtag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2020-10:layers:1050492020-10-14T21:41:29.403196+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/table/105049-extreme-wind-1972-2019-trend/" title="Details for Extreme wind, 1972 - 2019, trend"><img src="https://assets.koordinates.com/kx-dandelion-live2-public/thumbs/layers/105049/338839/small.png" alt="Extreme wind, 1972 - 2019, trend thumbnail"/></a><br />
<p>DATA SOURCE: National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)<br>
[Technical report available at <a href="https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporting/ministry-environment-atmosphere-and-climate-report-2020-updated">www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporti...</a>]</p>
<p>Adapted by Ministry for the Environment and Statistics New Zealand to provide for environmental reporting transparency</p>
<p>Dataset used to develop the "Extreme wind indicator [available at <a href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/indicators/extreme-wind">www.stats.govt.nz/indicators/extreme-wind</a>]</p>
<p>This indicator measures the strength of extreme wind and how often extreme wind events (measured as a gust that is extreme for that location) happen at 30 sites across New Zealand from 1972 to 2019, although not all sites start at 1972. We report windiness using the annual average of the daily maximum wind gust. We report wind strength using the annual maximum wind gust. We use the number of days per year with a maximum wind gust in the 99th percentile to report how often extreme wind events occur for a location (on average, the 99th percentile daily maximum wind gust will be exceeded on 3.6 days per year). We also present trends for all three of these measures.</p>
<p>More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 14 Oct 2020<br />
Extreme wind, 1972 - 2019, statetag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2020-10:layers:1050482020-10-14T21:41:47.934266+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/table/105048-extreme-wind-1972-2019-state/" title="Details for Extreme wind, 1972 - 2019, state"><img src="https://assets.koordinates.com/kx-dandelion-live2-public/thumbs/layers/105048/338838/small.png" alt="Extreme wind, 1972 - 2019, state thumbnail"/></a><br />
<p>DATA SOURCE: National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)<br>
[Technical report available at <a href="https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporting/ministry-environment-atmosphere-and-climate-report-2020-updated">www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporti...</a>]</p>
<p>Adapted by Ministry for the Environment and Statistics New Zealand to provide for environmental reporting transparency</p>
<p>Dataset used to develop the "Extreme wind indicator [available at <a href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/indicators/extreme-wind">www.stats.govt.nz/indicators/extreme-wind</a>]</p>
<p>This indicator measures the strength of extreme wind and how often extreme wind events (measured as a gust that is extreme for that location) happen at 30 sites across New Zealand from 1972 to 2019, although not all sites start at 1972. We report windiness using the annual average of the daily maximum wind gust. We report wind strength using the annual maximum wind gust. We use the number of days per year with a maximum wind gust in the 99th percentile to report how often extreme wind events occur for a location (on average, the 99th percentile daily maximum wind gust will be exceeded on 3.6 days per year). </p>
<p>More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 14 Oct 2020<br />
Wildfire risk, 1997 - 2019, trendtag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2020-10:layers:1050472020-10-14T21:42:14.538037+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/table/105047-wildfire-risk-1997-2019-trend/" title="Details for Wildfire risk, 1997 - 2019, trend"><img src="https://assets.koordinates.com/kx-dandelion-live2-public/thumbs/layers/105047/338837/small.png" alt="Wildfire risk, 1997 - 2019, trend thumbnail"/></a><br />
<p>DATA SOURCE: National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)<br>
[Technical report available at <a href="https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporting/fire-risk-assessment-measure-quantify-fire-risk-new-zealand">www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporti...</a> and <a href="https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporting/ministry-environment-atmosphere-and-climate-report-2020-updated">www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporti...</a>]</p>
<p>Adapted by Ministry for the Environment and Statistics New Zealand to provide for environmental reporting transparency</p>
<p>Dataset used to develop the "Wildfire indicator [available at <a href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/indicators/wildfire-risk">www.stats.govt.nz/indicators/wildfire-risk</a>]</p>
<p>This indicator measures fire danger using the New Zealand Fire Danger Rating at 30 sites around New Zealand from 1997 to 2019, although not all sites start at 1997. We report on the number of days per year with ‘very high and extreme’ (VH+E) fire danger for each of these sites, and trends over time.</p>
<p>More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 14 Oct 2020<br />
Wildfire risk, 1997 - 2019, statetag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2020-10:layers:1050462020-10-14T21:42:33.014990+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/table/105046-wildfire-risk-1997-2019-state/" title="Details for Wildfire risk, 1997 - 2019, state"><img src="https://assets.koordinates.com/kx-dandelion-live2-public/thumbs/layers/105046/338836/small.png" alt="Wildfire risk, 1997 - 2019, state thumbnail"/></a><br />
<p>DATA SOURCE: National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)<br>
[Technical report available at <a href="https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporting/fire-risk-assessment-measure-quantify-fire-risk-new-zealand">www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporti...</a> and <a href="https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporting/ministry-environment-atmosphere-and-climate-report-2020-updated">www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporti...</a>]</p>
<p>Adapted by Ministry for the Environment and Statistics New Zealand to provide for environmental reporting transparency</p>
<p>Dataset used to develop the "Wildfire indicator [available at <a href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/indicators/wildfire-risk">www.stats.govt.nz/indicators/wildfire-risk</a>]</p>
<p>This indicator measures fire danger using the New Zealand Fire Danger Rating at 30 sites around New Zealand from 1997 to 2019, although not all sites start at 1997. We report on the number of days per year with ‘very high and extreme’ (VH+E) fire danger for each of these sites.</p>
<p>More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 14 Oct 2020<br />
Extreme wind, 1972–2016tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894252017-10-12T23:53:53.095477+00:002017-10-12T23:53:07.334256+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/table/89425-extreme-wind-19722016/" title="Details for Extreme wind, 1972–2016"><img src="https://assets.koordinates.com/kx-dandelion-live2-public/thumbs/layers/89425/285664/small.png" alt="Extreme wind, 1972–2016 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 12 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Extreme wind annual statistics for 30 regionally representative sites. The number of days with a maximum gust in the 99th percentile provides information on the frequency of extreme wind events. Percentiles are obtained from all available daily maximum wind gust data. On average, the 99th percentile daily maximum wind gust will be exceeded on approximately 3.6 days per year. Therefore, annual counts higher than this indicate more days than usual with very strong wind gusts recorded; annual counts lower than 3.6 indicate fewer strong wind gust days than usual. By using a percentile threshold we can identify events that are extreme for a particular location. Some places are naturally subject to stronger winds than others, so vegetation can become ‘wind-hardened’ and may have a higher tolerance to high wind gusts (eg a 100 km/hr wind gust may be damaging at one location, but not at another). Using a relative threshold accounts for these differences and better captures extreme wind gust occurrences. The highest maximum gust per year and the average annual highest maximum wind gust both provide information on the magnitude of extreme wind events.<br>
Steady wind can be an important resource, but strong gusts can damage property, topple trees, and disrupt transportation, communications, and electricity. Extreme wind events can occur with frontal weather systems, around strong convective storms such as thunderstorms, and with ex-tropical cyclones. Projections indicate climate change may alter the occurrence of extreme wind events, with the strength of extreme winds expected to increase over the southern half of the North Island and the South Island, especially east of the Southern Alps, and decrease from Northland to Bay of Plenty. Monitoring can help us gauge the potential of, and prepare for, such events.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Lightning strikes, 2001–2016tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894702017-10-16T02:35:16.388283+00:002017-10-16T02:31:23.831926+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/table/89470-lightning-strikes-20012016/" title="Details for Lightning strikes, 2001–2016"><img src="https://assets.koordinates.com/kx-dandelion-live2-public/thumbs/layers/89470/285877/small.png" alt="Lightning strikes, 2001–2016 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 16 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Lightning is the discharge of electricity from thunderstorms and can occur within a cloud, between clouds, or between a cloud and the ground. By international standards, lightning does not occur frequently around New Zealand. However, ground strikes can injure or kill people and livestock, damage property and infrastructure, and, although rarely in New Zealand, spark forest fires. Thunderstorms are often associated with other severe weather events, such as strong wind gusts and hail. Thunderstorms may increase in frequency and intensity with climate change.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 16 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 16 Oct 2017<br />
Lightning Trends, 2001–2016tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894272017-10-13T00:16:18.151395+00:002017-10-13T00:15:26.681445+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/table/89427-lightning-trends-20012016/" title="Details for Lightning Trends, 2001–2016"><img src="https://assets.koordinates.com/kx-dandelion-live2-public/thumbs/layers/89427/285667/small.png" alt="Lightning Trends, 2001–2016 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 13 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Lightning is the discharge of electricity from thunderstorms and can occur within a cloud, between clouds, or between a cloud and the ground. By international standards, lightning does not occur frequently around New Zealand. However, ground strikes can injure or kill people and livestock, damage property and infrastructure, and, although rarely in New Zealand, spark forest fires. Thunderstorms are often associated with other severe weather events, such as strong wind gusts and hail. Thunderstorms may increase in frequency and intensity with climate change.<br>
Trend direction was assessed using the Theil-Sen estimator and the Two One-Sided Test (TOST) for equivalence at the 95% confidence level.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 13 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 13 Oct 2017<br />
Lightning, 2001–2016tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894282017-10-13T00:19:00.067287+00:002017-10-13T00:16:56.612521+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/89428-lightning-20012016/" title="Details for Lightning, 2001–2016"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=89428.285668,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Lightning, 2001–2016 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 13 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Lightning is the discharge of electricity from thunderstorms and can occur within a cloud, between clouds, or between a cloud and the ground. By international standards, lightning does not occur frequently around New Zealand. However, ground strikes can injure or kill people and livestock, damage property and infrastructure, and, although rarely in New Zealand, spark forest fires. Thunderstorms are often associated with other severe weather events, such as strong wind gusts and hail. Thunderstorms may increase in frequency and intensity with climate change.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 13 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 13 Oct 2017<br />
Trends in number of days with a maximum gust in the 99th percentile, 1972–2016tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894232017-10-12T23:52:22.243824+00:002017-10-12T23:50:53.898376+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/table/89423-trends-in-number-of-days-with-a-maximum-gust-in-the-99th-percentile-19722016/" title="Details for Trends in number of days with a maximum gust in the 99th percentile, 1972–2016"><img src="https://assets.koordinates.com/kx-dandelion-live2-public/thumbs/layers/89423/285662/small.png" alt="Trends in number of days with a maximum gust in the 99th percentile, 1972–2016 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 12 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Trends in number of days with a maximum gust in the 99th percentile, 1972–2016. The number of days with a maximum gust in the 99th percentile provides information on the frequency of extreme wind events. Percentiles are obtained from all available daily maximum wind gust data. On average, the 99th percentile daily maximum wind gust will be exceeded on approximately 3.6 days per year. Therefore, annual counts higher than this indicate more days than usual with very strong wind gusts recorded; annual counts lower than 3.6 indicate fewer strong wind gust days than usual. By using a percentile threshold we can identify events that are extreme for a particular location. Some places are naturally subject to stronger winds than others, so vegetation can become ‘wind-hardened’ and may have a higher tolerance to high wind gusts (eg a 100 km/hr wind gust may be damaging at one location, but not at another). Using a relative threshold accounts for these differences and better captures extreme wind gust occurrences. The highest maximum gust per year and the average annual highest maximum wind gust both provide information on the magnitude of extreme wind events.<br>
Steady wind can be an important resource, but strong gusts can damage property, topple trees, and disrupt transportation, communications, and electricity. Extreme wind events can occur with frontal weather systems, around strong convective storms such as thunderstorms, and with ex–tropical cyclones. Projections indicate climate change may alter the occurrence of extreme wind events, with the strength of extreme winds expected to increase over the southern half of the North Island and the South Island, especially east of the Southern Alps, and decrease from Northland to Bay of Plenty. Monitoring can help us gauge the potential of, and prepare for, such events.<br>
Trend direction was assessed using the Theil-Sen estimator and the Two One-Sided Test (TOST) for equivalence at the 95% confidence level.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Trends in maximum highest annual wind gust, 1972–2016tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-10:layers:894242017-10-12T23:53:12.115922+00:002017-10-12T23:52:11.412131+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/table/89424-trends-in-maximum-highest-annual-wind-gust-19722016/" title="Details for Trends in maximum highest annual wind gust, 1972–2016"><img src="https://assets.koordinates.com/kx-dandelion-live2-public/thumbs/layers/89424/285663/small.png" alt="Trends in maximum highest annual wind gust, 1972–2016 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 12 Oct 2017</strong><br />
<p>Trends in maximum highest annual wind gust, 1972–2016. The number of days with a maximum gust in the 99th percentile provides information on the frequency of extreme wind events. Percentiles are obtained from all available daily maximum wind gust data. On average, the 99th percentile daily maximum wind gust will be exceeded on approximately 3.6 days per year. Therefore, annual counts higher than this indicate more days than usual with very strong wind gusts recorded; annual counts lower than 3.6 indicate fewer strong wind gust days than usual. By using a percentile threshold we can identify events that are extreme for a particular location. Some places are naturally subject to stronger winds than others, so vegetation can become ‘wind-hardened’ and may have a higher tolerance to high wind gusts (eg a 100 km/hr wind gust may be damaging at one location, but not at another). Using a relative threshold accounts for these differences and better captures extreme wind gust occurrences. The highest maximum gust per year and the average annual highest maximum wind gust both provide information on the magnitude of extreme wind events.<br>
Steady wind can be an important resource, but strong gusts can damage property, topple trees, and disrupt transportation, communications, and electricity. Extreme wind events can occur with frontal weather systems, around strong convective storms such as thunderstorms, and with ex–tropical cyclones. Projections indicate climate change may alter the occurrence of extreme wind events, with the strength of extreme winds expected to increase over the southern half of the North Island and the South Island, especially east of the Southern Alps, and decrease from Northland to Bay of Plenty. Monitoring can help us gauge the potential of, and prepare for, such events.<br>
Trend direction was assessed using the Theil-Sen estimator and the Two One-Sided Test (TOST) for equivalence at the 95% confidence level.<br>
More information on this dataset and how it relates to our environmental reporting indicators and topics can be found in the attached data quality pdf.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Updated: 12 Oct 2017<br />
Lightning_GroundStrikes_by_Regiontag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2017-01:layers:535582017-01-11T01:57:10.268964+00:002017-02-24T04:13:34.677317+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/53558-lightning-groundstrikes-by-region/" title="Details for Lightning_GroundStrikes_by_Region"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=53558.163021,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Lightning_GroundStrikes_by_Region thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 24 Feb 2017</strong><br />
<p>Lightning is the discharge of electricity from thunderstorms. Ground strikes can cause significant damage to property and infrastructure, and injure or kill people and livestock. Lightning is often associated with other severe weather events, such as strong wind gusts. Thunderstorms may increase in frequency and intensity with climate change.<br>
This dataset relates to the "Lightning" measure on the Environmental Indicators, Te taiao Aotearoa website.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 11 Jan 2017<br />
Updated: 24 Feb 2017<br />
Lightning strike density, 2000–14tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2016-02:layers:528512016-02-10T23:53:06.804521+00:002016-02-10T23:31:52.035396+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/52851-lightning-strike-density-200014/" title="Details for Lightning strike density, 2000–14"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=52851.151533,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Lightning strike density, 2000–14 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 10 Feb 2016</strong><br />
<p>Lightning is the discharge of electricity, from thunderstorms, that equalises areas of positive and negative charge, for example, between a storm cloud and the ground. Thunderstorms form as a result of rapidly rising air with a high moisture content (humidity). On average, 1 in 10 lightning discharges strikes the ground (or sea) (Metservice, 2015). Lightning (and therefore thunderstorms) are also often associated with other severe weather events, such as strong wind gusts, and in extreme cases tornadoes.</p>
<p>By international standards, lightning does not occur frequently around New Zealand. However, thunderstorms, and thus lightning, can cause injury and damage (Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management, 2010), and may increase in frequency and intensity with climate change (Mullen et. al., 2011).</p>
<p>This data shows the average annual number of lightning strikes per 25km square.</p>
<p>This dataset relates to the "Lightning" measure on the Environmental Indicators, Te taiao Aotearoa website.</p>
<p>Geometry: grid/point</p>
<p>Unit: strikes/25km2/year</p>
<p>Further information can be found in:</p>
<p>MetService (nd). Lightning observation services. Accessed 3 June 2015 from <a href="http://www.metservice.com">www.metservice.com</a>.</p>
<p>Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management (2010). Thunderstorms. Working from the same page: Consistent messages for CDEM (p3). Available from <a href="http://www.civildefence.govt.nz">www.civildefence.govt.nz</a>.</p>
<p>Mullan, B, Carey-Smith, T, Griffiths, G, & Sood, A (2011). Scenarios of storminess and regional wind extremes under climate change. NIWA Client Report: WLG2010-31 (pvii). Available from <a href="http://www.niwa.co.nz">www.niwa.co.nz</a>.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 10 Feb 2016<br />
Updated: 10 Feb 2016<br />
Lightning by regiontag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2016-11:layers:535152016-11-11T03:18:57.288347+00:002016-11-11T03:17:01.402871+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/table/53515-lightning-by-region/" title="Details for Lightning by region"><img src="https://assets.koordinates.com/kx-dandelion-live2-public/thumbs/layers/53515/159613/small.png" alt="Lightning by region thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 11 Nov 2016</strong><br />
<p>Lightning is the discharge of electricity from thunderstorms. Ground strikes can cause significant damage to property and infrastructure, and injure or kill people and livestock. Lightning is often associated with other severe weather events, such as strong wind gusts. Thunderstorms may increase in frequency and intensity with climate change.<br>
This dataset relates to the "Lightning" measure on the Environmental Indicators, Te taiao Aotearoa website.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 11 Nov 2016<br />
Updated: 11 Nov 2016<br />
Annual ground and sea lightning strikes (2001–14)tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2015-10:layers:525872015-10-01T21:58:34.712901+00:002015-10-01T21:57:49.044730+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/table/52587-annual-ground-and-sea-lightning-strikes-200114/" title="Details for Annual ground and sea lightning strikes (2001–14)"><img src="https://assets.koordinates.com/kx-dandelion-live2-public/thumbs/layers/52587/147318/small.png" alt="Annual ground and sea lightning strikes (2001–14) thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 01 Oct 2015</strong><br />
<p>Lightning is the discharge of electricity from thunderstorms. Ground strikes can cause significant damage to property and infrastructure, and injure or kill people and livestock. Lightning is often associated with other severe weather events, such as strong wind gusts. Thunderstorms may increase in frequency and intensity with climate change.<br>
This dataset relates to the "Lightning" measure on the Environmental Indicators, Te taiao Aotearoa website.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 01 Oct 2015<br />
Updated: 01 Oct 2015<br />
Lightning recorderstag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2016-02:layers:533122016-02-18T19:36:15.324491+00:002016-02-18T19:35:13.147668+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/53312-lightning-recorders/" title="Details for Lightning recorders"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=53312.152143,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Lightning recorders thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 18 Feb 2016</strong><br />
<p>Lightning is the discharge of electricity from thunderstorms. Ground strikes can cause significant damage to property and infrastructure, and injure or kill people and livestock. Lightning is often associated with other severe weather events, such as strong wind gusts. Thunderstorms may increase in frequency and intensity with climate change. </p>
<p>This dataset shows the location of sensors in the New Zealand Lightning Detection Network (NZLDN), run by MetService. </p>
<p>Sensors around the country detect lightning over the New Zealand land mass and a short distance out to sea. These sensors detect very accurately the electrical discharge, location, and time, as well as noting other parameters such as current strength. The NZLDN records both cloud-to-cloud and cloud-to-ground strikes.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 18 Feb 2016<br />
Updated: 18 Feb 2016<br />
Days with wind gusts greater than gale force (1975–13)tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2015-10:layers:525852015-10-01T21:57:39.568547+00:002015-10-01T21:57:01.531161+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/table/52585-days-with-wind-gusts-greater-than-gale-force-197513/" title="Details for Days with wind gusts greater than gale force (1975–13)"><img src="https://assets.koordinates.com/kx-dandelion-live2-public/thumbs/layers/52585/147316/small.png" alt="Days with wind gusts greater than gale force (1975–13) thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 01 Oct 2015</strong><br />
<p>Strong wind events can cause significant damage, for example, to trees and buildings. They can occur with frontal weather systems and around strong convection events, such as thunderstorms. Global climate change may change the frequency of damaging wind events in almost all areas in New Zealand in winter and decrease the frequency in summer. Monitoring can help us gauge the potential of, and prepare for, such events.<br>
Further information can be found in:<br>
Tait, A, Macara, G, & Paul, V. (2014) Preparation of climate datasets for the 2015 Environmental Synthesis Report: Temperature, Rainfall, Wind, Sunshine and Soil Moisture. Prepared for Ministry for the Environment. Available at <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/x/Fwn9AL">data.mfe.govt.nz/x/Fwn9AL</a> on the Ministry for the Environment dataservice (<a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/">data.mfe.govt.nz/</a>).<br>
This dataset relates to the "Occurrence of potentially damaging wind" measure on the Environmental Indicators, Te taiao Aotearoa website.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 01 Oct 2015<br />
Updated: 01 Oct 2015<br />
Number of extreme weather events identified by ICNZ (1975–2014)tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2015-10:layers:525862015-10-01T21:58:04.760887+00:002015-10-01T21:57:26.286631+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/table/52586-number-of-extreme-weather-events-identified-by-icnz-19752014/" title="Details for Number of extreme weather events identified by ICNZ (1975–2014)"><img src="https://assets.koordinates.com/kx-dandelion-live2-public/thumbs/layers/52586/147317/small.png" alt="Number of extreme weather events identified by ICNZ (1975–2014) thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 01 Oct 2015</strong><br />
<p>Extreme weather events are weather events that are rare or even statistically unlikely. In New Zealand, such events can be dangerous and costly, both socially and monetarily. They can cause damage that affects productivity and leads to millions of dollars in insurance claims.<br>
This dataset relates to the "Insurance losses for extreme weather events" measure on the Environmental Indicators, Te taiao Aotearoa website.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 01 Oct 2015<br />
Updated: 01 Oct 2015<br />