MfE Data Service :: tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2008-10:feed:data:sort=rMinistry for the Environmenthttps://data.mfe.govt.nz//Annual trends: Particulate matter 10 (PM10), particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground-level ozone: 2011 - 2020tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:layers:1159802024-02-19T01:33:44.256050+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115980-annual-trends-particulate-matter-10-pm10-particulate-matter-25-pm25-nitrogen-dioxide-no2-sulphur-dioxide-so2-carbon-monoxide-co-and-ground-level-ozone-2011-2020/" title="Details for Annual trends: Particulate matter 10 (PM10), particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground-level ozone: 2011 - 2020"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115980.398302,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Annual trends: Particulate matter 10 (PM10), particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground-level ozone: 2011 - 2020 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<p>For trends, sites needed to have at least six complete years between 2011 and 2020. For annual trends, a site could not have a gap in the time series longer tan four months.<br>
Annual trends between 2011 and 2020 for:<br>
- Particulate matter 10 (PM10) concentrations<br>
- Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) concentrations<br>
- Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations<br>
- Sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentrations<br>
- Carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations<br>
- Ground-level ozone concentrations </p>
<p>Variables:<br>
pollutant: abbreviated pollutant name, chemical name, or chemical formula (e.g., PM10, Ozone, or CO)<br>
site: regional council or unitary authority unique name for site<br>
airshed: gazetted name of airshed<br>
lat: site latitude<br>
long: site longitude<br>
likelihood: trend direction (“improving, “worsening”, or “indeterminate” – for more information see Stats NZ indicator webpages).<br>
significant: TRUE if the trend is statistically significant, otherwise FALSE<br>
p: p-value to assess level of statistical significance<br>
slope: slope of the trend line (average units/year change)<br>
lower: lower limit of the 95% confidence interval of the slope<br>
upper: upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of the slope<br>
intercept: intercept of the trend line<br>
lower_intercept, upper_intercept: trend statistics<br>
slope_percent, lower_percent, upper_percent: trend statistics<br>
trend_type: type of trend (i.e., annual or seasonal)<br>
period_start: first year of the trend period<br>
period_end: last year of the trend period</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 19 Feb 2024<br />
airtrends_xytable_Project.shp (2).xmltag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:document:251242024-02-19T01:31:40.969694+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 19 Feb 2024<br />
airannualtrends_xml.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:document:251232024-02-19T01:31:20.793546+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 19 Feb 2024<br />
Seasonal trends: Particulate matter 10 (PM10), particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground-level ozone: 2011 - 2020tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:layers:1159792024-02-19T01:31:52.389205+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115979-seasonal-trends-particulate-matter-10-pm10-particulate-matter-25-pm25-nitrogen-dioxide-no2-sulphur-dioxide-so2-carbon-monoxide-co-and-ground-level-ozone-2011-2020/" title="Details for Seasonal trends: Particulate matter 10 (PM10), particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground-level ozone: 2011 - 2020"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115979.398301,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Seasonal trends: Particulate matter 10 (PM10), particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground-level ozone: 2011 - 2020 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<p>For seasonal trends, sites needed to have at least six complete seasons between 2011 and 2020. New to this update: not all seasons had to be complete – the previous update only calculated trends over complete seasons.<br>
Seasonal trends between 2011 and 2020 for:<br>
- Particulate matter 10 (PM10) concentrations<br>
- Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) concentrations<br>
- Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations<br>
- Sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentrations<br>
- Carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations<br>
- Ground-level ozone concentrations </p>
<p>Variables:<br>
pollutant: abbreviated pollutant name, chemical name, or chemical formula (e.g., PM10, Ozone, or CO)<br>
site: regional council or unitary authority unique name for site<br>
airshed: gazetted name of airshed<br>
lat: site latitude<br>
long: site longitude<br>
season: season of trend<br>
likelihood: trend direction (“improving, “worsening”, or “indeterminate” – for more information see Stats NZ indicator webpages).<br>
significant: TRUE if the trend is statistically significant, otherwise FALSE<br>
p: p-value to assess level of statistical significance<br>
slope: slope of the trend line (average units/year change)<br>
lower: lower limit of the 95% confidence interval of the slope<br>
upper: upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of the slope<br>
intercept: intercept of the trend line<br>
period_start: first year of the trend period<br>
period_end: last year of the trend period<br>
trend_type: type of trend (i.e., annual or seasonal)</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 19 Feb 2024<br />
air_seasonal_trends.shp (2).xmltag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:document:251222024-02-19T01:28:08.818003+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 19 Feb 2024<br />
airseasonaltrends_xml.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:document:251212024-02-19T01:27:46.349060+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 19 Feb 2024<br />
Drought, state, 1972 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:layers:1159772024-02-19T01:25:43.489888+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115977-drought-state-1972-2022/" title="Details for Drought, state, 1972 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115977.398299,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Drought, state, 1972 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<p>We report on drought frequency, duration, severity, and intensity at three different time scales, short-term (3 months), medium-term (6 months) and long-term (12 months). These different time scales are approximately equivalent to meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological drought, respectively. We do this for 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand monitored by NIWA (National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research) from 1972 to 2022. To measure drought events, this dataset uses the Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), which incorporates temperature and precipitation. </p>
<p>Drought frequency is the number of drought events across a specified period of time. Drought duration is the number of months in a drought event. Severity is a measure of how dry a drought event is, and intensity is a measure of drought severity scaled by its duration. Extreme dryness is indicated by SPEI values of less than -2. </p>
<p>Variables:<br>
id: Relates to drought_event, whether a drought event or non-drought event<br>
year: Year<br>
month: Month<br>
site: 30 NIWA Climate stations<br>
time_scale & drought_type: The drought the SPEI values represent given at 3, 6, and 12 months<br>
spei: SPEI is the balance of PET and P<br>
spei_class: Categorising SPEI values into what they may represent climate-wise<br>
imputed_value: Whether the value was imputed using linear interpolation<br>
drought_event: whether the sequence of SPEI values meet the threshold for a drought event<br>
duration: Duration of the drought event in months<br>
start_event: The start date of a drought event<br>
severity: Sum of the SPEI values per drough event that are below -1<br>
intensity: Sum of the SPEI values per drought event standardised against time (severity/duration)<br>
lat: Latitude<br>
lon: Longitude</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 19 Feb 2024<br />
drought_state.shp.xmltag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:document:251202024-02-19T01:22:42.753728+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 19 Feb 2024<br />
droughtstate_xml.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:document:251192024-02-19T01:22:23.388456+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 19 Feb 2024<br />
Drought, trends, 1972 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:layers:1159762024-02-19T01:22:55.147294+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115976-drought-trends-1972-2022/" title="Details for Drought, trends, 1972 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115976.398298,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Drought, trends, 1972 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<p>To measure drought events, this dataset uses the Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), which incorporates temperature and precipitation. We report on drought frequency, duration, severity, and intensity at three different time scales, short-term (3 months), medium-term (6 months) and long-term (12 months). These different time scales are approximately equivalent to meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological drought, respectively. We report the trends for 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand monitored by NIWA (National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research) from 1972 to 2022.</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: Site the NIWA climate stations represent.<br>
time_scale: The number of months of drought<br>
drought_type: The drought the SPEI values represent given at 3, 6, and 12 months (meterological, agricultural and hydrological respectively.<br>
lat: Approx. lattitude location of NIWA climate stations to represent a site.<br>
lon: Approx. longitude location of NIWA climate stations to represent a site.<br>
trend_type: Duration is the number of months a drought event lasts.<br>
Average SPEI is the annual average SPEI value. Severity is the sum of SPEI values per drought event. Intensity is severity/duration. Peak month is the lowest SPEI value recorded per drought event. Frequency is the numbers of months between each drought event.<br>
p_value: Probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the result actually observed.<br>
z: Z statistic after correcting for autocorrelated data<br>
method: The type of trend test undertaken. Note that for methane a linear model with a quadratic term is used. For the Mann Kendall test we used a modified Mann Kendall test for autocorrelated data modifiedmk::mmkh()<br>
n: Number of data points included in trend calculation.<br>
note: Linear model analysis notes<br>
s, var_s, tau: Mann-Kendall test statistics.<br>
alternative: Alternative hypothesis<br>
trend_likelihood: Likelihood of trend direction adapted from IPCC criteria.<br>
period_start, period_end: The period the trend represents.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 19 Feb 2024<br />
droughttrends_XYTabl_Project.shp.xmltag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:document:251182024-02-19T01:19:40.170736+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 19 Feb 2024<br />
droughttrends_xml.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:document:251172024-02-19T01:19:02.205550+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 19 Feb 2024<br />
Greenhouse gas concentrations, trends, to 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:layers:1159752024-02-19T00:55:07.837854+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/table/115975-greenhouse-gas-concentrations-trends-to-2022/" title="Details for Greenhouse gas concentrations, trends, to 2022"><img src="https://assets.koordinates.com/kx-dandelion-live2-public/thumbs/layers/115975/398297/small.png" alt="Greenhouse gas concentrations, trends, to 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<p>This indicator measures trends of atmospheric concentrations of the three main greenhouse gases (GHGs) associated with human activities for the specified periods to 2022: carbon dioxide (CO2, ppm) from 1972, methane (CH4, ppb) from 1989, and nitrous oxide (N2O, ppb) from 1996.A subset of observations taken at Baring Head near Wellington was used to report on seasonally adjusted annual trends for each greenhouse gas.</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
variable: Type of GHG (CO2, CH4, N20)<br>
term: Year is a term for including years in the linear model. Year2 is a term for including squared years in the linear model with a quadratic term.<br>
p_value: The two-sided p-value associated with the observed statistic<br>
slope: The estimated value of the regression term. Rise in y for every unit of x.<br>
conf_90_low: The lower bound (inclusive) of values that's very likely to include a population value with a 90 percent degree of confidence<br>
conf_90_high: The upper bound (inclusive) of values that's very likely to include a population value with a 90 percent degree of confidence<br>
intercept: intercept<br>
r_sqaured: A measure of how well the regression line approximates the actual data. The r_squared value represents the proportion of the variance for a dependent variable that’s explained by an independent variable in a regression model.<br>
sigma: sigma<br>
method: The type of trend test undertaken. Note that for methane a linear model with a quadratic term is used. For the Mann Kendall test we used a modified Mann Kendall test for autocorrelated data modifiedmk::mmkh()<br>
n: Number of data points included in trend calculation.<br>
note: Linear model analysis notes<br>
conf_66_low: The lower bound (inclusive) of values that's likely to include a population value with a 66 percent degree of confidence<br>
conf_66_high: The upper bound (inclusive) of values that's likely to include a population value with a 66 percent degree of confidence<br>
z_score: Z statistic after correcting for autocorrelated data<br>
tau: Mann-Kendall's Tau<br>
variance: variance after correcting for autocorrelated data<br>
trend_likelihood: A description of how strong/likely the trend result is. Trends are categorised use the p-value. Categories are based on Stats NZ likelihood scale, which is a subset of the categories used by the IPCC. The following table shows the p-values for the different categories.<br>
term left_break right_break left_open right_open<br>
<br>
1 Very likely 0.9 1 TRUE FALSE<br>
2 Likely 0.66 0.9 TRUE FALSE<br>
3 Indeterminate 0.33 0.66 FALSE FALSE<br>
4 Unlikely 0.1 0.33 FALSE TRUE<br>
5 Very unlikely 0 0.1 FALSE TRUE</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 19 Feb 2024<br />
GHG_conc_trends.csv (2).xmltag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:document:251162024-02-19T00:53:04.776267+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 19 Feb 2024<br />
GHGtrends_xml.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:document:251152024-02-19T00:52:42.234990+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 19 Feb 2024<br />
Greenhouse gas concentrations, to 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:layers:1159742024-02-19T00:51:34.901436+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/table/115974-greenhouse-gas-concentrations-to-2022/" title="Details for Greenhouse gas concentrations, to 2022"><img src="https://assets.koordinates.com/kx-dandelion-live2-public/thumbs/layers/115974/398296/small.png" alt="Greenhouse gas concentrations, to 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<p>This dataset measures atmospheric concentrations of the three main greenhouse gases (GHGs) associated with human activities for the specified periods to 2022: carbon dioxide (CO2) from 1972, methane (CH4) from 1989, and nitrous oxide (N2O) from 1996.</p>
<p>A subset of observations taken at Baring Head near Wellington was used to report on monthly averages and seasonally adjusted annual trends for each greenhouse gas.</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
year: Year<br>
month: Month<br>
variable: Type of GHG (CO2, CH4, N2O)<br>
parameter: Description of what the value describes (mean, mean_fitted, seasonal_adjusted_mean, trend). mean = monthly mean, mean_fitted = monthly mean with any missing values interpolated, seasonal_adjusted_mean = mean_fitted - seasonal component of the STL, trend = STL value<br>
value: Concentration value<br>
unit: Units of measurement</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 19 Feb 2024<br />
greenhousegasconcentrations.csv.xmltag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:document:251142024-02-19T00:49:08.553759+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 19 Feb 2024<br />
GHGstate_xml.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2024-02:document:251132024-02-19T00:48:28.587803+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 19 Feb 2024<br />
Daily temperature 30 sites, state, 1909 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153762023-12-07T09:20:12.799734+00:002023-12-07T04:20:27.195637+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115376-daily-temperature-30-sites-state-1909-2022/" title="Details for Daily temperature 30 sites, state, 1909 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115376.395075,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Daily temperature 30 sites, state, 1909 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>Temperature at 30 sites around the country from at least 1972 to 2022. We provide data on average, minimum, and maximum for daily temperatures. </p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: NIWA monitoring site.<br>
date: Date (day-month-year)<br>
statistic: Statistic (Average, Max, Min).<br>
temperature: Temperature in degrees Celsius.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />
temperature_30site_state_projection_metadata (1).pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:document:250422023-12-12T19:28:50.598850+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 12 Dec 2023<br />
Growing Degree Days, trends, 1972 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153732023-12-07T04:08:45.657724+00:002023-12-07T04:06:24.412500+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115373-growing-degree-days-trends-1972-2022/" title="Details for Growing Degree Days, trends, 1972 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115373.395072,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Growing Degree Days, trends, 1972 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This dataset shows the trends of annual growing degree days (GDD) for 30 sites across New Zealand from at least 1972 to 2019. GDD are the total number of degrees Celsius above a base threshold temperature for each day. We use a base threshold of 10 degrees Celsius to report on the annual GDD for each of these sites and trends.<br>
Growing degree days (GDD) indicate the amount of warmth available for plant and insect growth and can be used to predict when flowers will bloom, and crops and insects will mature. Increased GDD means that plants and insects reach maturity faster, provided that other conditions necessary for growth are favourable, such as sufficient moisture and nutrients.</p>
<p>VARIABLES:<br>
Variables: site: NIWA monitoring site<br>
Base_temperature: The base temperature to calculate the total GDD<br>
period_start: Start of the period for which the trend was assessed<br>
period_end: End of the period for which the trend was assessed<br>
p_value: P value<br>
slope, conf_low, conf_high: Rate of change per year and their lower and upper confidence intervals<br>
conf_level: confidence level (66% or 90% to match IPCC likelihood levels)<br>
z: Z score<br>
trend_method: Whether the information in this row correspond to the Sen slope or the Mann-Kendall test<br>
n: number of observations used to calculate the trend<br>
note: analysis note<br>
s, var_s, tau: Mann-Kendall trend statistics<br>
alternative: the alternative hypothesis used for the Mann-Kendall test<br>
trend_likelihood: Likelihood categories adapted from IPCC. Indicates the likelihood that a trend is increasing, decreasing, or indeterminate<br>
lat: Latitude<br>
lon: Longitude<br>
Pretty_site_name: Pretty site name<br>
Unit: unit<br>
Region_simple: Region of NIWA monitoring site<br>
Site_simple: Pretty site name without macrons</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />
growingdegreedays_xy_Project_trends_metadata.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:document:250412023-12-12T04:00:23.847220+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 12 Dec 2023<br />
Annual and seasonal temperatures at 30 sites, trends, 1972-2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1154112023-12-11T21:51:26.413970+00:002023-12-11T21:49:20.193334+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115411-annual-and-seasonal-temperatures-at-30-sites-trends-1972-2022/" title="Details for Annual and seasonal temperatures at 30 sites, trends, 1972-2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115411.395293,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Annual and seasonal temperatures at 30 sites, trends, 1972-2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 11 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>Temperature at 30 sites around the country from at least 1972 to 2022. We report annual and seasonal trends for the period 1972 to 2022 as well as rate of temperature change per decade. We provide data on average, minimum, and maximum for daily, annual, and seasonal temperatures. Trends are reported for annual and seasonal statistics. Temperature change can have a significant effect on agriculture, energy demand, ecosystems, and recreation.Climate change projections for New Zealand suggest the greatest warming will be in summer/autumn and the least in winter and spring (MfE, 2018). Variables: site: NIWA monitoring site statistic: Statistic: (mean of Average, Minimum or Maximum daily temperature) season: Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter, or Annual p_value: P value slope, conf_low, conf_high: Rate of change per year and their lower and upper confidence intervals conf_level: confidence level (66% or 90% to match IPCC likelihood levels) intercept, r_squared, sigma: Linear model statistics trend_method: Whether the information in this row correspond to the Linear model slope or the Mann-Kendall test n: number of observations used to calculate the trend note: analysis note s, var_s, tau: Mann-Kendall trend statistics z: Z score alternative: the alternative hypothesis used for the Mann-Kendall test trend_likelihood: Likelihood categories adapted from IPCC. Indicates the likelihood that a trend is increasing, decreasing, or indeterminate period_start: Start of the period for which the trend was assessed period_end: End of the period for which the trend was assessed lat :Latitude lon: Longitude Ministry for the Environment. (2018). Climate Change Projections for New Zealand: Atmosphere Projections Based on Simulations from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, 2nd Edition (Publication No. ME 1385). <a href="https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate-change/climate-change-projections-new-zealand">www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate-change/climat...</a></p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 11 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 11 Dec 2023<br />
temp_trend_XYTableTo_Project_metadata.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:document:250402023-12-12T03:56:40.103933+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 12 Dec 2023<br />
National temperature, state, 1909 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153702023-12-07T03:15:40.177954+00:002023-12-07T03:13:31.981645+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/table/115370-national-temperature-state-1909-2022/" title="Details for National temperature, state, 1909 - 2022"><img src="https://assets.koordinates.com/kx-dandelion-live2-public/thumbs/layers/115370/395069/small.png" alt="National temperature, state, 1909 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>We provide temperature and anomaly data alongside Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) global land temperature anomalies against the 1961 to 1990, and 1991 to 2020 baseline periods. </p>
<p>Global average temperatures have increased by around 1 degree Celsius in the last century, almost certainly a result of high levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases emitted from human activities. While this change may seem small, relatively small changes in our climate can have big effects on our environment (Ministry for the Environment [MfE] & Stats NZ, 2019). </p>
<p>Temperature change can have a significant effect on agriculture, energy demand, ecosystems, and recreation. Climate change projections for New Zealand suggest the greatest warming will be in summer/autumn and the least in winter and spring (MfE, 2018). </p>
<p>Temperature is also influenced by natural processes such as climate oscillations like the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, ENSO does not affect the long-term warming trend of the national temperature time series (World Meteorological Organization [WMO], 2014). </p>
<p>Variables:<br>
year: Year.<br>
temperature: Temperature in degrees Celsius.<br>
data_released: Year the data was released.<br>
source: Source of data.<br>
anomaly: Anomaly against the average temperature of a given reference period.<br>
reference_period: Reference period. </p>
<p>References:<br>
Ministry for the Environment. (2018). Climate Change Projections for New Zealand: Atmosphere Projections Based on Simulations from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, 2nd Edition (Publication No. ME 1385). <a href="https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate-change/climate-change-projections-new-zealand">www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate-change/climat...</a><br>
Ministry for the Environment & Stats NZ. (2019). New Zealand’s Environmental Reporting Series: Environment Aotearoa 2019 (Publication No. ME 1416). <a href="https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporting/environment-aotearoa-2019">www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporti...</a><br>
World Meteorological Organization. (2014). El Niño/Southern Oscillation. WMO. (WMO-No. 1145). <a href="https://library.wmo.int/records/item/53800-el-nino-southern-oscillation">library.wmo.int/records/item/53800-el-nino-souther...</a></p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />
National Temperature, trends, 1909-2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153812023-12-08T01:15:08.949406+00:002023-12-08T01:14:03.360904+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/table/115381-national-temperature-trends-1909-2022/" title="Details for National Temperature, trends, 1909-2022"><img src="https://assets.koordinates.com/kx-dandelion-live2-public/thumbs/layers/115381/395085/small.png" alt="National Temperature, trends, 1909-2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 08 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This dataset reports the linear trend (downward or upward shifts in data points over time) in New Zealand’s national average temperature from 1909 to 2022 from the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research’s (NIWA) ‘seven-station’ temperature series.</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
data_released: Year the data was released<br>
source: Source of data<br>
p_value: P value<br>
slope, conf_low, conf_high: Rate of change per year and their lower and upper confidence intervals<br>
conf_level: confidence level (95%)<br>
intercept, r_squared, sigma: Linear model statistics<br>
trend_method: Whether the information in this row correspond to the Linear model slope or the Mann-Kendall test<br>
n: number of observations used to calculate the trend<br>
period_start: Start of the period for which the trend was assessed<br>
period_end: End of the period for which the trend was assessed</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 08 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 08 Dec 2023<br />
temperature_national_trends_start_metadata.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:document:250392023-12-12T03:11:17.213839+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 12 Dec 2023<br />
temperature_national_state_metadata.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:document:250382023-12-12T03:10:12.272768+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 12 Dec 2023<br />
Frost days, trends,1972-2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153722023-12-07T04:00:14.161194+00:002023-12-07T03:58:35.534358+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115372-frost-days-trends1972-2022/" title="Details for Frost days, trends,1972-2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115372.395071,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Frost days, trends,1972-2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This indicator report trends in the number of frost days for 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand from 1972 to 2022. The number of frost days changes from year to year in response to variable weather patterns, and their occurrence is also influenced by climate change. Climate models project we may experience fewer cold and more warm extremes in the future. Changes in the number and timing of frost days can affect agriculture, horticulture, and viticulture, for example, by damaging and destroying crops at sensitive growth stages.</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: site the NIWA climate stations represent.<br>
period_start, period end: the period the trend represents.<br>
p_value: probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the result actually observed.<br>
slope: Sen slope statistic to describe rate of change.<br>
conf Low, conf Highl: 90% confidence intervals of the slope statistic (low and high).<br>
conf_level: specified confidence level of the estimate.<br>
z: Z score.<br>
trend_method: Statistical method.<br>
n: number of data points included in trend calculation.<br>
note: note<br>
s, var_s, tau: Mann-Kendall test statistics.<br>
alternative: the alternative hypothesis used for the Mann-Kendall test<br>
trend likelihood: likelihood of trend direction adapted from IPCC criteria.<br>
lat: approx. lattitude location of NIWA climate stations to represent a site.<br>
lon: approx. longitude location of NIWA climate stations to represent a site.<br>
region: region of the site the NIWA climate stations represent.<br>
pretty_site_name: site the NIWA climate stations represent.<br>
region_simple: region of the site the NIWA climate stations represent.<br>
site_simple: site the NIWA climate stations represent.</p>
<p>References:<br>
Hutchinson, G. K., Richards, K., & Risk, W. H. (2000). Aspects of accumulated heat patterns (growing-degree days) and pasture growth in Southland. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 62, 81–85. <a href="https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2000.62.2396">doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2000.62.2396</a></p>
<p>Macara, G., Nichol, D., Liley, B., & Noll, B. (2023). Ministry for the Environment Atmosphere and Climate Report 2023: Updated Datasets supplied by NIWA (NIWA Client Report No. 2023072WN). <a href="https://environment.govt.nz/publications/atmosphere-and-climate-indicators-2023-updated-datasets">environment.govt.nz/publications/atmosphere-and-cl...</a></p>
<p>Macara, G., & Tait, A. (2015). Infilling of missing climate data: temperature, rainfall and wind (NIWA Client Report No. WLG2015-33). <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/document/21253-macara-g-tait-a-2015-infilling-of-missing-climate-data-for-the-2015-environmental-synthesis-report-temperature-rainfall-and-wind/">data.mfe.govt.nz/document/21253-macara-g-tait-a-20...</a></p>
<p>Mastrandrea, M. D., Field, C. B., Stocker, T. F., Edenhofer, O., Ebi, K. L., Frame, D. J., Held, H., Kriegler, E., Mach, K. J., Matschoss, P. R., Plattner, G.-K., Yohe, G. W., & Zwiers, F. W. (2010). Guidance Note for Lead Authors of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report on Consistent Treatment of Uncertainties. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/uncertainty-guidance-note.pdf">www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/uncertaint...</a></p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Annual and seasonal temperatures at 30 sites, state 1972 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1154102023-12-11T21:48:10.121679+00:002023-12-11T21:45:04.237904+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115410-annual-and-seasonal-temperatures-at-30-sites-state-1972-2022/" title="Details for Annual and seasonal temperatures at 30 sites, state 1972 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115410.395292,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Annual and seasonal temperatures at 30 sites, state 1972 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 11 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This dataset reports the annual and seasonal temperatures at 30 sites around the country from at least 1972 to 2022. Data are also provided on anomalies for all 30 stations (difference from the 1991–2020 baseline period) and for 16 stations (difference from the 1961–1990 baseline period).</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: NIWA monitoring site<br>
statistic: Statistic: maximum daily temperature (max), average daily temperature (average), and minimum daily temperature (min)<br>
season: period for which the data was aggregated - annual indicates the whole year was included in the calculation<br>
year: Year<br>
prop_missing: Proportion of days with missing data<br>
temperature: Mean daily temperature for a given year, season, and statistic (°C)<br>
period_start: Start of period for a season<br>
period_end: End of period for a season<br>
lat: coordinates of the NIWA station where the data was recorded (WSG84)<br>
lon: coordinates of the NIWA station where the data was recorded (WSG84)<br>
anomaly: mean temperature anomaly for a given year, season, and statistic (°C) over the reference_period<br>
reference_period: Anomaly reference period</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 11 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 11 Dec 2023<br />
temp_seasonal_projected_state_metadata.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:document:250372023-12-12T01:49:55.676058+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 12 Dec 2023<br />
Warm days, trends, 1972 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153682023-12-07T03:08:32.594351+00:002023-12-07T03:07:03.460437+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115368-warm-days-trends-1972-2022/" title="Details for Warm days, trends, 1972 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115368.395067,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Warm days, trends, 1972 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>The trends in the number of warm days for the 30 temperature sites across New Zealand are presented from 1972 to 2022. Warm days are days with a daily maximum temperature above 25 degrees Celsius.</p>
<p>The number of warm days change from year to year in response to variable weather patterns and climate drivers. Climate models project we may experience more warm extremes in the future (IPCC, 2021). According to the WMO (2016) a decrease in cold days and nights and an increase in warm days and nights can have major implications for human health, agricultural production, and ecosystems.</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: NIWA monitoring site<br>
period_start: Start of the period for which the trend was assessed<br>
period_end: End of the period for which the trend was assessed<br>
p_value: P value<br>
slope, conf_low, conf_high: Rate of change per year and their lower and upper confidence intervals<br>
conf_level: confidence level (66% or 90% to match IPCC likelihood levels)<br>
z: Z score<br>
trend_method: Whether the information in this row correspond to the Sen slope or the Mann-Kendall test<br>
n: number of observations used to calculate the trend<br>
note: analysis note<br>
s, var_s, tau: Mann-Kendall trend statistics<br>
alternative: the alternative hypothesis used for the Mann-Kendall test<br>
trend_likelihood: Likelihood categories adapted from IPCC. Indicates the likelihood that a trend is increasing, decreasing, or indeterminate<br>
lat: Latitude<br>
lon: Longitude</p>
<p>References:</p>
<p>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, & B. Zhou, Eds.). Cambridge University Press.<br>
<a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/</a></p>
<p>World Meteorological Organization. (2016). Hotter, drier, wetter. Face the future. WMO. <a href="https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/world-meteorological-day/previous-world-meteorological-days/hotter-drier-wetter-face">public.wmo.int/en/resources/world-meteorological-d...</a></p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />
warmdays_trends_metadata (1).pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:document:250352023-12-12T01:44:01.491030+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 12 Dec 2023<br />
Warm days, state, 1972 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153672023-12-07T03:03:00.539812+00:002023-12-07T03:00:53.011998+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115367-warm-days-state-1972-2022/" title="Details for Warm days, state, 1972 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115367.395066,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Warm days, state, 1972 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This indicator provides data for the number of warm days (daily maximum temperature above 25 degrees Celsius) for the 30 sites across New Zealand from at least 1972 to 2022. </p>
<p>Global average temperatures have increased by around 1 degree Celsius in the last century, almost certainly a result of high levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases emitted from human activities. While this change may seem small, relatively small changes in our climate can have big effects on our environment (Ministry for the Environment [MfE] & Stats NZ, 2019). </p>
<p>The number of warm days change from year to year in response to variable weather patterns and climate drivers. Climate models project we may experience more warm extremes in the future (IPCC, 2021). According to the WMO (2016) a decrease in cold days and nights and an increase in warm days and nights can have major implications for human health, agricultural production, and ecosystems. </p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: NIWA monitoring site<br>
n_days: Number of days<br>
period_start: Start of the period where the number of days were counted<br>
period_end: End of the period where the number of days were counted<br>
lat: Latitude<br>
lon: Longitude<br>
site_simple: site without macrons </p>
<p>References:<br>
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, & B. Zhou, Eds.). Cambridge University Press.<br>
<a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/</a><br>
Ministry for the Environment & Stats NZ. (2019). New Zealand’s Environmental Reporting Series: Environment Aotearoa 2019 (Publication No. ME 1416). <a href="https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporting/environment-aotearoa-2019">www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporti...</a><br>
World Meteorological Organization. (2016). Hotter, drier, wetter. Face the future. WMO. <a href="https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/world-meteorological-day/previous-world-meteorological-days/hotter-drier-wetter-face">public.wmo.int/en/resources/world-meteorological-d...</a></p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />
warmdaysnew_state_metadata.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:document:250342023-12-12T01:41:53.438204+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 12 Dec 2023<br />
growingdegreedays_xy_Project_trends_metadata.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:document:250332023-12-12T00:52:13.823367+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 12 Dec 2023<br />
Growing Degree Days, state, 1972 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153792023-12-07T21:34:53.288397+00:002023-12-07T21:21:50.632730+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115379-growing-degree-days-state-1972-2022/" title="Details for Growing Degree Days, state, 1972 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115379.395081,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Growing Degree Days, state, 1972 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This dataset measures growing degree days (GDD) at 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand from at least 1972 to 2022. We report counts of average annual growing degree days for each site from 2013 to 2022.. </p>
<p>Variables:<br>
sIte: Site the NIWA climate stations represent.<br>
year: Given year the total growing degrees are calculated for.<br>
base_temperature:The base temperature to calculate the total GDD. Threshold is in degrees Celsius .<br>
gowirng_degrees: The total number of degrees Celsius above a base threshold temperature for each year.<br>
Units:Units applicable for both growing degrees and the base temperature (degrees Celsius).<br>
Lat:Approximate latitude of site location.<br>
Lon: Approximate longitude of site location.</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />
GD_days_state_metadata (1).pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:document:250322023-12-12T00:49:55.941398+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 12 Dec 2023<br />
frostdays_trends_1972_2022_NZ2000_metadata.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:document:250312023-12-12T00:39:41.919857+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 12 Dec 2023<br />
Frost days, state,1972-2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153712023-12-07T03:57:51.849510+00:002023-12-07T03:55:26.255910+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115371-frost-days-state1972-2022/" title="Details for Frost days, state,1972-2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115371.395070,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Frost days, state,1972-2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This indicator measures the number of frost days for 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand from at least 1972 to 2022. </p>
<p>The number of frost days changes from year to year in response to variable weather patterns, and their occurrence is also influenced by climate change. Climate models project we may experience fewer cold and more warm extremes in the future. Changes in the number and timing of frost days can affect agriculture, horticulture, and viticulture, for example, by damaging and destroying crops at sensitive growth stages.</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: Site the NIWA climate stations represent.<br>
year: Given year the number of frost days are calculated for.<br>
Frost days: Total number of frost days are year as defined when the air temperature is below zero at 1.2m off the ground.<br>
first_frost: The first day are recorded in a given year.<br>
last_frost: The last days are recorded in a given year.<br>
lat: Approximate latitude of site location.<br>
lon: Approximate longitude of site location.<br>
site_simple: Site the NIWA climate stations represent.</p>
<p>References:<br>
Hutchinson, G. K., Richards, K., & Risk, W. H. (2000). Aspects of accumulated heat patterns (growing-degree days) and pasture growth in Southland. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 62, 81–85. <a href="https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2000.62.2396">doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2000.62.2396</a></p>
<p>Macara, G., Nichol, D., Liley, B., & Noll, B. (2023). Ministry for the Environment Atmosphere and Climate Report 2023: Updated Datasets supplied by NIWA (NIWA Client Report No. 2023072WN). <a href="https://environment.govt.nz/publications/atmosphere-and-climate-indicators-2023-updated-datasets">environment.govt.nz/publications/atmosphere-and-cl...</a></p>
<p>Macara, G., & Tait, A. (2015). Infilling of missing climate data: temperature, rainfall and wind (NIWA Client Report No. WLG2015-33). <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/document/21253-macara-g-tait-a-2015-infilling-of-missing-climate-data-for-the-2015-environmental-synthesis-report-temperature-rainfall-and-wind/">data.mfe.govt.nz/document/21253-macara-g-tait-a-20...</a></p>
<p>Mastrandrea, M. D., Field, C. B., Stocker, T. F., Edenhofer, O., Ebi, K. L., Frame, D. J., Held, H., Kriegler, E., Mach, K. J., Matschoss, P. R., Plattner, G.-K., Yohe, G. W., & Zwiers, F. W. (2010). Guidance Note for Lead Authors of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report on Consistent Treatment of Uncertainties. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/uncertainty-guidance-note.pdf">www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/uncertaint...</a></p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />
frostday_state_1972_2022_NZGD_2000_metadata.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:document:250302023-12-12T00:37:58.650141+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 12 Dec 2023<br />
Extreme rainfall, trends, 1960 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153102023-12-02T02:12:58.414078+00:002023-12-02T02:11:11.141704+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115310-extreme-rainfall-trends-1960-2022/" title="Details for Extreme rainfall, trends, 1960 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115310.394895,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Extreme rainfall, trends, 1960 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 02 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This dataset measures extreme rainfall at 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand from 1960 to 2022. We measure the maximum amount of rainfall in a single day (‘maximum precipitationl’), the number of very wet days (‘very wet days’), and the percentage of annual rainfall from very wet days (‘very wet day precipitation percent’). We present trends against the 1961 to 1990 climate normal period as well as the 1991 to 2020 climate normal period for very wet days and the percentage of annual rainfall from very wet days.</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: NIWA climate site<br>
reference_period: Reference period against which the number of wet days was calculated<br>
parameter: maximum precipitation (mm), very wet days, very wet day precipitation percent (%)<br>
period_start: Start of trend period<br>
period_end: End of trend period<br>
p_value: P value<br>
slope: Sen’s slope statistic of rate of change<br>
conf_low: Confidence intervals for Sen’s slope statistic<br>
conf_high: Confidence intervals for Sen’s slope statistic<br>
conf_level: Confidence level (90% or 66%) for Sen’s slope statistic<br>
z: z score<br>
trend_method: Mann-Kendall or Sen’s slope method<br>
n: Number of data points included in trend calculation<br>
note: note on data point<br>
s: Mann-Kendall test statistics<br>
var_s: Mann-Kendall test statistics<br>
tau: Mann-Kendall test statistics<br>
alternative: Alternative hypothesis<br>
trend_likelihood: Likelihood of trend direction adapted from IPCC criteria<br>
lat: Latitude<br>
lon: Longitude<br>
site_simple: site without macrons</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 02 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 02 Dec 2023<br />
extremerainfall_trends_metadata.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:document:250292023-12-11T22:51:59.619911+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 11 Dec 2023<br />
Extreme rainfall, state, 1960 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153092023-12-02T02:01:47.272387+00:002023-12-02T02:00:08.111397+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115309-extreme-rainfall-state-1960-2022/" title="Details for Extreme rainfall, state, 1960 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115309.394894,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Extreme rainfall, state, 1960 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 02 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This dataset measures extreme rainfall at 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand from 1960 to 2022. We measure the maximum amount of rainfall in a single day (‘maximum one-day rainfall’), the number of very wet days (‘very wet days’), and the percentage of annual rainfall from very wet days (‘rainfall due to very wet days’). We present annual values for these measures. </p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: NIWA 30 stations<br>
period_start: start of year<br>
period_end: end of year<br>
reference _period: climate normal used to identify very wet days<br>
parameter: Parameter (maximum one-day rainfall (mm), number of very wet days, rainfall due to very wet days (%))<br>
data_value: Data value for parameter<br>
lat: Latitude<br>
lon: Longitude<br>
pretty_site_name: Pretty site name<br>
site_simple: pretty_site_name without macrons</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 02 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 02 Dec 2023<br />
extremerainfall_state_metadata.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:document:250282023-12-11T22:50:26.393701+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 11 Dec 2023<br />
Coastal sea level rise, trends, to 2020tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153052023-12-02T01:28:14.999138+00:002023-12-02T01:26:28.432748+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115305-coastal-sea-level-rise-trends-to-2020/" title="Details for Coastal sea level rise, trends, to 2020"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115305.394890,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Coastal sea level rise, trends, to 2020 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 02 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This data set measures the rise in annual mean sea level relative to land referenced to the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1995 to 2014 baseline period mean sea level at four longer-term sites between 1901 and 2020:<br>
• Auckland<br>
• Wellington<br>
• Lyttelton<br>
• Dunedin<br>
and two additional sites with shorter time series:<br>
• Moturiki, Mount Maunganui (1951 to 2020)<br>
• New Plymouth (1920 to 2020).<br>
Relative sea-level rise includes the vertical land movement of the surrounding area (for example, a sinking landmass increases the relative rise in sea level).</p>
<p>We report on linear trends for sea-level rise for the full period between 1901 and 2020 for the four longer-term sites. We also publish the linear trends for these sites for two time periods: 1901 to 1960 and 1961 to 2020. For Moturiki and New Plymouth, we publish linear trends for the 1961 to 2020 period only.</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
site: The location of the tide gauge used to measure coastal sea level. Site refers to the name of nearest settlement. This dataset provides sea-level data for: (i) Auckland - Port of Auckland, Waitemata Harbour; (ii) Moturiki - Moturiki Island (Mount Maunganui); (iii) New Plymouth - Port Taranaki (New Plymouth); (iv) Wellington - Lambton Harbour (Wellington); (v) Lyttelton - Lyttelton inner harbour, and; (vi) Dunedin - Dunedin harbour basin (Otago Harbour)."<br>
trend_start_year: The first year in the annual mean sea level time series that the trend relates to.<br>
trend_end_year: The last year in the annual mean sea level time series that the trend relates to.</p>
<p>msl_trend: The estimated annual change in coastal sea level based on the trend assessment (in other words, the slope of the linear trend line). Trends were calculated using weighted linear regression models. The models used annual mean sea level data (relative the baseline) that was weighted to account for years that had less than 12 monthly average mean sea level values. Models also accounted for climatic conditions of temperature and pressure. Refer to the technical report that NIWA supplied alongside the data for more information <a href="https://environment.govt.nz/publications/update-to-2020-of-the-annual-mean-sea-level-series-and-trends-around-new-zealand/">environment.govt.nz/publications/update-to-2020-of...</a><br>
standard_deviation: The standard deviations of the estimated annual mean sea level values based on the trend assessment.<br>
units: The units of the estimated annual mean sea level values based on the trend assessment.<br>
lat: Latitude.<br>
long: Longitude</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 02 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 02 Dec 2023<br />
cslr_trends_Project_metadata.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:document:250272023-12-11T22:46:26.374352+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 11 Dec 2023<br />
Coastal sea level rise, state, to 2020tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153042023-12-02T01:21:48.438178+00:002023-12-02T01:20:02.129851+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115304-coastal-sea-level-rise-state-to-2020/" title="Details for Coastal sea level rise, state, to 2020"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115304.394889,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Coastal sea level rise, state, to 2020 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 02 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This data set measures the rise in annual mean sea level relative to land referenced to the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1995 to 2014 baseline period mean sea level at four longer-term sites between 1901 and 2020:<br>
• Auckland<br>
• Wellington<br>
• Lyttelton<br>
• Dunedin<br>
and two additional sites with shorter time series:<br>
• Moturiki, Mount Maunganui (1951 to 2020)<br>
• New Plymouth (1920 to 2020).<br>
Relative sea-level rise includes the vertical land movement of the surrounding area (for example, a sinking landmass increases the relative rise in sea level).</p>
<p>Variables:<br>
year_analysis: The calendar year the annual mean sea level value relates to.<br>
site: The location of the tide gauge used to measure coastal sea level. Site refers to the name of nearest settlement. This dataset provides sea-level data for: (i) Auckland - Port of Auckland, Waitemata Harbour; (ii) Moturiki - Moturiki Island (Mount Maunganui); (iii) New Plymouth - Port Taranaki (New Plymouth); (iv) Wellington - Lambton Harbour (Wellington); (v) Lyttelton - Lyttelton inner harbour, and; (vi) Dunedin - Dunedin harbour basin (Otago Harbour).<br>
baseline: The baseline period that was used to establish the respective zero mean sea level at each site. The baseline period is the latest period set by the IPCC (AR6).<br>
units: The units of the annual mean sea level value relative to the baseline.<br>
value: The calculated annual mean sea level value relative to the baseline.<br>
lat: Latitude<br>
long: longitude</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 02 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 02 Dec 2023<br />
cslr_state_Project_metadata.pdftag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:document:250262023-12-11T22:44:41.413986+00:00
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: <br />
Updated: 11 Dec 2023<br />
Annual and seasonal rainfall at 30 sites, trends, 1960 - 2022tag:data.mfe.govt.nz,2023-12:layers:1153652023-12-07T02:53:56.990196+00:002023-12-07T02:52:02.160581+00:00
<a class="kxThumbnail" href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/layer/115365-annual-and-seasonal-rainfall-at-30-sites-trends-1960-2022/" title="Details for Annual and seasonal rainfall at 30 sites, trends, 1960 - 2022"><img src="//tiles-cdn.koordinates.com/services/tiles/v4/thumbnail/layer=115365.395064,style=auto/90x70.png" alt="Annual and seasonal rainfall at 30 sites, trends, 1960 - 2022 thumbnail"/></a><br />
<br /><strong>Updated with new data on 07 Dec 2023</strong><br />
<p>This dataset measures annual and seasonal rainfall trends at 30 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand from 1960 to 2022.</p>
<p>Variables<br>
site: NIWA climate site.<br>
season: Season or Annual data (combined for ease of data use)<br>
trend_likelihood: Likelihood of trend direction adapted from IPCC criteria.<br>
period_start: Start of trend period<br>
period_end: End of trend period<br>
p_value: P value<br>
slope, conf_low, conf_high, conf_level: Slope statistic to describe rate of change and relevant 90% and 66% confidence intervals.<br>
intercept: Intercept<br>
r_sqared: R squared<br>
sigma: Sigma<br>
trend_method: Trend method (Mann-Kendall or Linear model)<br>
n: Number of data points included in trend calculation.<br>
note: Linear model analysis notes<br>
s, var_s, tau, z: Mann-Kendall test statistics.<br>
alternative: Alternative hypothesis used in Mann Kendall Calculation<br>
lat: Approximate latitude location of NIWA climate stations to represent a site.<br>
lon: Approximate longitude location of NIWA climate stations to represent a site.<br>
simple_site: site without macrons</p>
From: <a href="https://data.mfe.govt.nz/group/environmental-reporting/" title="Profile for Environmental Reporting">Environmental Reporting</a><br />
Added: 07 Dec 2023<br />
Updated: 07 Dec 2023<br />